pyenv/README.md

# Groom your app’s Ruby environment with rbenv.

Use rbenv to pick a Ruby version for your application and guarantee
that your development environment matches production. Put rbenv to work
with [Bundler](http://bundler.io/) for painless Ruby upgrades and
bulletproof deployments.

**Powerful in development.** Specify your app's Ruby version once,
  in a single file. Keep all your teammates on the same page. No
  headaches running apps on different versions of Ruby. Just Works™
  from the command line and with app servers like [Pow](http://pow.cx).
  Override the Ruby version anytime: just set an environment variable.

**Rock-solid in production.** Your application's executables are its
  interface with ops. With rbenv and [Bundler
  binstubs](https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv/wiki/Understanding-binstubs)
  you'll never again need to `cd` in a cron job or Chef recipe to
  ensure you've selected the right runtime. The Ruby version
  dependency lives in one place—your app—so upgrades and rollbacks are
  atomic, even when you switch versions.

**One thing well.** rbenv is concerned solely with switching Ruby
  versions. It's simple and predictable. A rich plugin ecosystem lets
  you tailor it to suit your needs. Compile your own Ruby versions, or
  use the [ruby-build][]
  plugin to automate the process. Specify per-application environment
  variables with [rbenv-vars](https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv-vars).
  See more [plugins on the
  wiki](https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv/wiki/Plugins).

[**Why choose rbenv over
RVM?**](https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv/wiki/Why-rbenv%3F)

## Table of Contents

* [How It Works](#how-it-works)
  * [Understanding PATH](#understanding-path)
  * [Understanding Shims](#understanding-shims)
  * [Choosing the Ruby Version](#choosing-the-ruby-version)
  * [Locating the Ruby Installation](#locating-the-ruby-installation)
* [Installation](#installation)
  * [Homebrew on macOS](#homebrew-on-macos)
    * [Upgrading with Homebrew](#upgrading-with-homebrew)
  * [Basic GitHub Checkout](#basic-github-checkout)
    * [Upgrading with Git](#upgrading-with-git)
  * [How rbenv hooks into your shell](#how-rbenv-hooks-into-your-shell)
  * [Installing Ruby versions](#installing-ruby-versions)
    * [Installing Ruby gems](#installing-ruby-gems)
  * [Uninstalling Ruby versions](#uninstalling-ruby-versions)
  * [Uninstalling rbenv](#uninstalling-rbenv)
* [Command Reference](#command-reference)
  * [rbenv local](#rbenv-local)
  * [rbenv global](#rbenv-global)
  * [rbenv shell](#rbenv-shell)
  * [rbenv versions](#rbenv-versions)
  * [rbenv version](#rbenv-version)
  * [rbenv rehash](#rbenv-rehash)
  * [rbenv which](#rbenv-which)
  * [rbenv whence](#rbenv-whence)
* [Environment variables](#environment-variables)
* [Development](#development)

## How It Works

At a high level, rbenv intercepts Ruby commands using shim
executables injected into your `PATH`, determines which Ruby version
has been specified by your application, and passes your commands along
to the correct Ruby installation.

### Understanding PATH

When you run a command like `ruby` or `rake`, your operating system
searches through a list of directories to find an executable file with
that name. This list of directories lives in an environment variable
called `PATH`, with each directory in the list separated by a colon:

    /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin

Directories in `PATH` are searched from left to right, so a matching
executable in a directory at the beginning of the list takes
precedence over another one at the end. In this example, the
`/usr/local/bin` directory will be searched first, then `/usr/bin`,
then `/bin`.

### Understanding Shims

rbenv works by inserting a directory of _shims_ at the front of your
`PATH`:

    ~/.rbenv/shims:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin

Through a process called _rehashing_, rbenv maintains shims in that
directory to match every Ruby command across every installed version
of Ruby—`irb`, `gem`, `rake`, `rails`, `ruby`, and so on.

Shims are lightweight executables that simply pass your command along
to rbenv. So with rbenv installed, when you run, say, `rake`, your
operating system will do the following:

* Search your `PATH` for an executable file named `rake`
* Find the rbenv shim named `rake` at the beginning of your `PATH`
* Run the shim named `rake`, which in turn passes the command along to
  rbenv

### Choosing the Ruby Version

When you execute a shim, rbenv determines which Ruby version to use by
reading it from the following sources, in this order:

1. The `RBENV_VERSION` environment variable, if specified. You can use
   the [`rbenv shell`](#rbenv-shell) command to set this environment
   variable in your current shell session.

2. The first `.ruby-version` file found by searching the directory of the
   script you are executing and each of its parent directories until reaching
   the root of your filesystem.

3. The first `.ruby-version` file found by searching the current working
   directory and each of its parent directories until reaching the root of your
   filesystem. You can modify the `.ruby-version` file in the current working
   directory with the [`rbenv local`](#rbenv-local) command.

4. The global `~/.rbenv/version` file. You can modify this file using
   the [`rbenv global`](#rbenv-global) command. If the global version
   file is not present, rbenv assumes you want to use the "system"
   Ruby—i.e. whatever version would be run if rbenv weren't in your
   path.

### Locating the Ruby Installation

Once rbenv has determined which version of Ruby your application has
specified, it passes the command along to the corresponding Ruby
installation.

Each Ruby version is installed into its own directory under
`~/.rbenv/versions`. For example, you might have these versions
installed:

* `~/.rbenv/versions/1.8.7-p371/`
* `~/.rbenv/versions/1.9.3-p327/`
* `~/.rbenv/versions/jruby-1.7.1/`

Version names to rbenv are simply the names of the directories in
`~/.rbenv/versions`.

## Installation

**Compatibility note**: rbenv is _incompatible_ with RVM. Please make
  sure to fully uninstall RVM and remove any references to it from
  your shell initialization files before installing rbenv.

### Homebrew on macOS

If you're on macOS, we recommend installing rbenv with
[Homebrew](https://brew.sh).

1. Install rbenv.

    ~~~ sh
    $ brew install rbenv
    ~~~

   Note that this also installs `ruby-build`, so you'll be ready to
   install other Ruby versions out of the box.

2. Set up rbenv in your shell.

    ~~~ sh
    $ rbenv init
    ~~~

   Follow the printed instructions to [set up rbenv shell integration](#how-rbenv-hooks-into-your-shell).

3. Close your Terminal window and open a new one so your changes take
   effect.

4. Verify that rbenv is properly set up using this
   [rbenv-doctor](https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv-installer/blob/master/bin/rbenv-doctor) script:

    ~~~ sh
    $ curl -fsSL https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv-installer/raw/master/bin/rbenv-doctor | bash
    Checking for `rbenv' in PATH: /usr/local/bin/rbenv
    Checking for rbenv shims in PATH: OK
    Checking `rbenv install' support: /usr/local/bin/rbenv-install (ruby-build 20170523)
    Counting installed Ruby versions: none
      There aren't any Ruby versions installed under `~/.rbenv/versions'.
      You can install Ruby versions like so: rbenv install 2.2.4
    Checking RubyGems settings: OK
    Auditing installed plugins: OK
    ~~~

5. That's it! Installing rbenv includes ruby-build, so now you're ready to
   [install some other Ruby versions](#installing-ruby-versions) using
   `rbenv install`.


#### Upgrading with Homebrew

To upgrade to the latest rbenv and update ruby-build with newly released
Ruby versions, upgrade the Homebrew packages:

~~~ sh
$ brew upgrade rbenv ruby-build
~~~


### Basic GitHub Checkout

For a more automated install, you can use
[rbenv-installer](https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv-installer#rbenv-installer).
If you prefer a manual approach, follow the steps below.

This will get you going with the latest version of rbenv without needing
a systemwide install.

1. Clone rbenv into `~/.rbenv`.

    ~~~ sh
    $ git clone https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv.git ~/.rbenv
    ~~~

    Optionally, try to compile dynamic bash extension to speed up rbenv. Don't
    worry if it fails; rbenv will still work normally:

    ~~~
    $ cd ~/.rbenv && src/configure && make -C src
    ~~~

2. Add `~/.rbenv/bin` to your `$PATH` for access to the `rbenv`
   command-line utility.

   * For **bash**:
     ~~~ bash
     $ echo 'export PATH="$HOME/.rbenv/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bash_profile
     ~~~
     
   * For **Ubuntu Desktop**:
     ~~~ bash
     $ echo 'export PATH="$HOME/.rbenv/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bashrc
     ~~~
     
   * For **Zsh**:
     ~~~ zsh
     $ echo 'export PATH="$HOME/.rbenv/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.zshrc
     ~~~
   
   * For **Fish shell**:
     ~~~ fish
     $ set -Ux fish_user_paths $HOME/.rbenv/bin $fish_user_paths
     ~~~

3. Set up rbenv in your shell.

   ~~~ sh
   $ ~/.rbenv/bin/rbenv init
   ~~~
   
   Follow the printed instructions to [set up rbenv shell integration](#how-rbenv-hooks-into-your-shell).

4. Restart your shell so that PATH changes take effect. (Opening a new
   terminal tab will usually do it.)

5. Verify that rbenv is properly set up using this
   [rbenv-doctor](https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv-installer/blob/master/bin/rbenv-doctor) script:

    ~~~ sh
    $ curl -fsSL https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv-installer/raw/master/bin/rbenv-doctor | bash
    Checking for `rbenv' in PATH: /usr/local/bin/rbenv
    Checking for rbenv shims in PATH: OK
    Checking `rbenv install' support: /usr/local/bin/rbenv-install (ruby-build 20170523)
    Counting installed Ruby versions: none
      There aren't any Ruby versions installed under `~/.rbenv/versions'.
      You can install Ruby versions like so: rbenv install 2.2.4
    Checking RubyGems settings: OK
    Auditing installed plugins: OK
    ~~~

6. _(Optional)_ Install [ruby-build][], which provides the
   `rbenv install` command that simplifies the process of
   [installing new Ruby versions](#installing-ruby-versions).

#### Upgrading with Git

If you've installed rbenv manually using Git, you can upgrade to the
latest version by pulling from GitHub:

~~~ sh
$ cd ~/.rbenv
$ git pull
~~~

### How rbenv hooks into your shell

Skip this section unless you must know what every line in your shell
profile is doing.

`rbenv init` is the only command that crosses the line of loading
extra commands into your shell. Coming from RVM, some of you might be
opposed to this idea. Here's what `rbenv init` actually does:

1. Sets up your shims path. This is the only requirement for rbenv to
   function properly. You can do this by hand by prepending
   `~/.rbenv/shims` to your `$PATH`.

2. Installs autocompletion. This is entirely optional but pretty
   useful. Sourcing `~/.rbenv/completions/rbenv.bash` will set that
   up. There is also a `~/.rbenv/completions/rbenv.zsh` for Zsh
   users.

3. Rehashes shims. From time to time you'll need to rebuild your
   shim files. Doing this automatically makes sure everything is up to
   date. You can always run `rbenv rehash` manually.

4. Installs the sh dispatcher. This bit is also optional, but allows
   rbenv and plugins to change variables in your current shell, making
   commands like `rbenv shell` possible. The sh dispatcher doesn't do
   anything invasive like override `cd` or hack your shell prompt, but if
   for some reason you need `rbenv` to be a real script rather than a
   shell function, you can safely skip it.

Run `rbenv init -` for yourself to see exactly what happens under the
hood.

### Installing Ruby versions

The `rbenv install` command doesn't ship with rbenv out of the box, but
is provided by the [ruby-build][] project. If you installed it either
as part of GitHub checkout process outlined above or via Homebrew, you
should be able to:

~~~ sh
# list all available versions:
$ rbenv install -l

# install a Ruby version:
$ rbenv install 2.0.0-p247
~~~

Alternatively to the `install` command, you can download and compile
Ruby manually as a subdirectory of `~/.rbenv/versions/`. An entry in
that directory can also be a symlink to a Ruby version installed
elsewhere on the filesystem. rbenv doesn't care; it will simply treat
any entry in the `versions/` directory as a separate Ruby version.

#### Installing Ruby gems

Once you've installed some Ruby versions, you'll want to install gems.
First, ensure that the target version for your project is the one you want by
checking `rbenv version` (see [Command Reference](#command-reference)). Select
another version using `rbenv local 2.0.0-p247`, for example. Then, proceed to
install gems as you normally would:

```sh
$ gem install bundler
```

**You don't need sudo** to install gems. Typically, the Ruby versions will be
installed and writeable by your user. No extra privileges are required to
install gems.

Check the location where gems are being installed with `gem env`:

```sh
$ gem env home
# => ~/.rbenv/versions/<ruby-version>/lib/ruby/gems/...
```

### Uninstalling Ruby versions

As time goes on, Ruby versions you install will accumulate in your
`~/.rbenv/versions` directory.

To remove old Ruby versions, simply `rm -rf` the directory of the
version you want to remove. You can find the directory of a particular
Ruby version with the `rbenv prefix` command, e.g. `rbenv prefix
1.8.7-p357`.

The [ruby-build][] plugin provides an `rbenv uninstall` command to
automate the removal process.

### Uninstalling rbenv

The simplicity of rbenv makes it easy to temporarily disable it, or
uninstall from the system.

1. To **disable** rbenv managing your Ruby versions, simply remove the
  `rbenv init` line from your shell startup configuration. This will
  remove rbenv shims directory from PATH, and future invocations like
  `ruby` will execute the system Ruby version, as before rbenv.

  `rbenv` will still be accessible on the command line, but your Ruby
  apps won't be affected by version switching.

2. To completely **uninstall** rbenv, perform step (1) and then remove
   its root directory. This will **delete all Ruby versions** that were
   installed under `` `rbenv root`/versions/ `` directory:

        rm -rf `rbenv root`

   If you've installed rbenv using a package manager, as a final step
   perform the rbenv package removal. For instance, for Homebrew:

        brew uninstall rbenv

## Command Reference

Like `git`, the `rbenv` command delegates to subcommands based on its
first argument. The most common subcommands are:

### rbenv local

Sets a local application-specific Ruby version by writing the version
name to a `.ruby-version` file in the current directory. This version
overrides the global version, and can be overridden itself by setting
the `RBENV_VERSION` environment variable or with the `rbenv shell`
command.

    $ rbenv local 1.9.3-p327

When run without a version number, `rbenv local` reports the currently
configured local version. You can also unset the local version:

    $ rbenv local --unset

### rbenv global

Sets the global version of Ruby to be used in all shells by writing
the version name to the `~/.rbenv/version` file. This version can be
overridden by an application-specific `.ruby-version` file, or by
setting the `RBENV_VERSION` environment variable.

    $ rbenv global 1.8.7-p352

The special version name `system` tells rbenv to use the system Ruby
(detected by searching your `$PATH`).

When run without a version number, `rbenv global` reports the
currently configured global version.

### rbenv shell

Sets a shell-specific Ruby version by setting the `RBENV_VERSION`
environment variable in your shell. This version overrides
application-specific versions and the global version.

    $ rbenv shell jruby-1.7.1

When run without a version number, `rbenv shell` reports the current
value of `RBENV_VERSION`. You can also unset the shell version:

    $ rbenv shell --unset

Note that you'll need rbenv's shell integration enabled (step 3 of
the installation instructions) in order to use this command. If you
prefer not to use shell integration, you may simply set the
`RBENV_VERSION` variable yourself:

    $ export RBENV_VERSION=jruby-1.7.1

### rbenv versions

Lists all Ruby versions known to rbenv, and shows an asterisk next to
the currently active version.

    $ rbenv versions
      1.8.7-p352
      1.9.2-p290
    * 1.9.3-p327 (set by /Users/sam/.rbenv/version)
      jruby-1.7.1
      rbx-1.2.4
      ree-1.8.7-2011.03

### rbenv version

Displays the currently active Ruby version, along with information on
how it was set.

    $ rbenv version
    1.9.3-p327 (set by /Users/sam/.rbenv/version)

### rbenv rehash

Installs shims for all Ruby executables known to rbenv (i.e.,
`~/.rbenv/versions/*/bin/*`). Run this command after you install a new
version of Ruby, or install a gem that provides commands.

    $ rbenv rehash

### rbenv which

Displays the full path to the executable that rbenv will invoke when
you run the given command.

    $ rbenv which irb
    /Users/sam/.rbenv/versions/1.9.3-p327/bin/irb

### rbenv whence

Lists all Ruby versions with the given command installed.

    $ rbenv whence rackup
    1.9.3-p327
    jruby-1.7.1
    ree-1.8.7-2011.03

## Environment variables

You can affect how rbenv operates with the following settings:

name | default | description
-----|---------|------------
`RBENV_VERSION` | | Specifies the Ruby version to be used.<br>Also see [`rbenv shell`](#rbenv-shell)
`RBENV_ROOT` | `~/.rbenv` | Defines the directory under which Ruby versions and shims reside.<br>Also see `rbenv root`
`RBENV_DEBUG` | | Outputs debug information.<br>Also as: `rbenv --debug <subcommand>`
`RBENV_HOOK_PATH` | [_see wiki_][hooks] | Colon-separated list of paths searched for rbenv hooks.
`RBENV_DIR` | `$PWD` | Directory to start searching for `.ruby-version` files.

## Development

The rbenv source code is [hosted on
GitHub](https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv). It's clean, modular,
and easy to understand, even if you're not a shell hacker.

Tests are executed using [Bats](https://github.com/sstephenson/bats):

    $ bats test
    $ bats test/<file>.bats

Please feel free to submit pull requests and file bugs on the [issue
tracker](https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv/issues).


  [ruby-build]: https://github.com/rbenv/ruby-build#readme
  [hooks]: https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv/wiki/Authoring-plugins#rbenv-hooks