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247 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
247 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Front Matter
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linktitle:
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description: Hugo allows you to add front matter in yaml, toml, or json to your content files.
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date: 2017-01-09
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publishdate: 2017-01-09
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lastmod: 2017-02-24
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categories: [content management]
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keywords: ["front matter", "yaml", "toml", "json", "metadata", "archetypes"]
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menu:
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docs:
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parent: "content-management"
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weight: 30
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weight: 30 #rem
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draft: false
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aliases: [/content/front-matter/]
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toc: true
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---
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**Front matter** allows you to keep metadata attached to an instance of a [content type][]---i.e., embedded inside a content file---and is one of the many features that gives Hugo its strength.
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{{< youtube Yh2xKRJGff4 >}}
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## Front Matter Formats
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Hugo supports four formats for front matter, each with their own identifying tokens.
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TOML
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: identified by opening and closing `+++`.
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YAML
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: identified by opening and closing `---`.
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JSON
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: a single JSON object surrounded by '`{`' and '`}`', followed by a new line.
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ORG
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: a group of Org mode keywords in the format '`#+KEY: VALUE`'. Any line that does not start with `#+` ends the front matter section.
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Keyword values can be either strings (`#+KEY: VALUE`) or a whitespace separated list of strings (`#+KEY[]: VALUE_1 VALUE_2`).
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### Example
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{{< code-toggle >}}
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title = "spf13-vim 3.0 release and new website"
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description = "spf13-vim is a cross platform distribution of vim plugins and resources for Vim."
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tags = [ ".vimrc", "plugins", "spf13-vim", "vim" ]
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date = "2012-04-06"
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categories = [
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"Development",
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"VIM"
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]
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slug = "spf13-vim-3-0-release-and-new-website"
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{{< /code-toggle >}}
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## Front Matter Variables
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### Predefined
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There are a few predefined variables that Hugo is aware of. See [Page Variables][pagevars] for how to call many of these predefined variables in your templates.
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aliases
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: an array of one or more aliases (e.g., old published paths of renamed content) that will be created in the output directory structure . See [Aliases][aliases] for details.
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audio
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: an array of paths to audio files related to the page; used by the `opengraph` [internal template](/templates/internal) to populate `og:audio`.
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cascade
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: a map of Front Matter keys whose values are passed down to the page's descendents unless overwritten by self or a closer ancestor's cascade. See [Front Matter Cascade](#front-matter-cascade) for details.
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date
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: the datetime assigned to this page. This is usually fetched from the `date` field in front matter, but this behaviour is configurable.
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description
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: the description for the content.
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draft
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: if `true`, the content will not be rendered unless the `--buildDrafts` flag is passed to the `hugo` command.
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expiryDate
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: the datetime at which the content should no longer be published by Hugo; expired content will not be rendered unless the `--buildExpired` flag is passed to the `hugo` command.
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headless
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: if `true`, sets a leaf bundle to be [headless][headless-bundle].
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images
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: an array of paths to images related to the page; used by [internal templates](/templates/internal) such as `_internal/twitter_cards.html`.
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isCJKLanguage
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: if `true`, Hugo will explicitly treat the content as a CJK language; both `.Summary` and `.WordCount` work properly in CJK languages.
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keywords
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: the meta keywords for the content.
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layout
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: the layout Hugo should select from the [lookup order][lookup] when rendering the content. If a `type` is not specified in the front matter, Hugo will look for the layout of the same name in the layout directory that corresponds with a content's section. See ["Defining a Content Type"][definetype]
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lastmod
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: the datetime at which the content was last modified.
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linkTitle
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: used for creating links to content; if set, Hugo defaults to using the `linktitle` before the `title`. Hugo can also [order lists of content by `linktitle`][bylinktitle].
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markup
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: **experimental**; specify `"rst"` for reStructuredText (requires`rst2html`) or `"md"` (default) for Markdown.
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outputs
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: allows you to specify output formats specific to the content. See [output formats][outputs].
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publishDate
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: if in the future, content will not be rendered unless the `--buildFuture` flag is passed to `hugo`.
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resources
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: used for configuring page bundle resources. See [Page Resources][page-resources].
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series
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: an array of series this page belongs to, as a subset of the `series` [taxonomy](/content-management/taxonomies/); used by the `opengraph` [internal template](/templates/internal) to populate `og:see_also`.
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slug
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: appears as the tail of the output URL. A value specified in front matter will override the segment of the URL based on the filename.
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summary
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: text used when providing a summary of the article in the `.Summary` page variable; details available in the [content-summaries](/content-management/summaries/) section.
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title
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: the title for the content.
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type
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: the type of the content; this value will be automatically derived from the directory (i.e., the [section][]) if not specified in front matter.
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url
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: the full path to the content from the web root. It makes no assumptions about the path of the content file. It also ignores any language prefixes of
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the multilingual feature.
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videos
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: an array of paths to videos related to the page; used by the `opengraph` [internal template](/templates/internal) to populate `og:video`.
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weight
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: used for [ordering your content in lists][ordering]. Lower weight gets higher precedence. So content with lower weight will come first. If set, weights should be non-zero, as 0 is interpreted as an *unset* weight.
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\<taxonomies\>
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: field name of the *plural* form of the index. See `tags` and `categories` in the above front matter examples. _Note that the plural form of user-defined taxonomies cannot be the same as any of the predefined front matter variables._
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{{% note "Hugo's Default URL Destinations" %}}
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If neither `slug` nor `url` is present and [permalinks are not configured otherwise in your site `config` file](/content-management/urls/#permalinks), Hugo will use the filename of your content to create the output URL. See [Content Organization](/content-management/organization) for an explanation of paths in Hugo and [URL Management](/content-management/urls/) for ways to customize Hugo's default behaviors.
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{{% /note %}}
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### User-Defined
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You can add fields to your front matter arbitrarily to meet your needs. These user-defined key-values are placed into a single `.Params` variable for use in your templates.
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The following fields can be accessed via `.Params.include_toc` and `.Params.show_comments`, respectively. The [Variables][] section provides more information on using Hugo's page- and site-level variables in your templates.
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{{< code-toggle copy="false" >}}
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include_toc: true
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show_comments: false
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{{</ code-toggle >}}
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## Front Matter Cascade
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Any node or section can pass down to descendents a set of Front Matter values as long as defined underneath the reserved `cascade` Front Matter key.
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### Target Specific Pages
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{{< new-in "0.76.0" >}}
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Since Hugo 0.76 the `cascade` block can be a slice with a optional `_target` keyword, allowing for multiple `cascade` values targeting different page sets.
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{{< code-toggle copy="false" >}}
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title ="Blog"
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[[cascade]]
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background = "yosemite.jpg"
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[cascade._target]
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path="/blog/**"
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lang="en"
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kind="page"
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[[cascade]]
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background = "goldenbridge.jpg"
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[cascade._target]
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kind="section"
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{{</ code-toggle >}}
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Keywords available for `_target`:
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path
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: A [Glob](https://github.com/gobwas/glob) pattern matching the content path below /content. Expects Unix-styled slashes. Note that this is the virtual path, so it starts at the mount root.
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kind
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: A Glob pattern matching the Page's Kind(s), e.g. "{home,section}".
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lang
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: A Glob pattern matching the Page's language, e.g. "{en,sv}".
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Any of the above can be omitted.
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### Example
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In `content/blog/_index.md`
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{{< code-toggle copy="false" >}}
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title: Blog
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cascade:
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banner: images/typewriter.jpg
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{{</ code-toggle >}}
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With the above example the Blog section page and its descendents will return `images/typewriter.jpg` when `.Params.banner` is invoked unless:
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- Said descendent has its own `banner` value set
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- Or a closer ancestor node has its own `cascade.banner` value set.
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## Order Content Through Front Matter
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You can assign content-specific `weight` in the front matter of your content. These values are especially useful for [ordering][ordering] in list views. You can use `weight` for ordering of content and the convention of [`<TAXONOMY>_weight`][taxweight] for ordering content within a taxonomy. See [Ordering and Grouping Hugo Lists][lists] to see how `weight` can be used to organize your content in list views.
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## Override Global Markdown Configuration
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It's possible to set some options for Markdown rendering in a content's front matter as an override to the [BlackFriday rendering options set in your project configuration][config].
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## Front Matter Format Specs
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* [TOML Spec][toml]
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* [YAML Spec][yaml]
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* [JSON Spec][json]
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[variables]: /variables/
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[aliases]: /content-management/urls/#aliases
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[archetype]: /content-management/archetypes/
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[bylinktitle]: /templates/lists/#by-link-title
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[config]: /getting-started/configuration/ "Hugo documentation for site configuration"
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[content type]: /content-management/types/
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[contentorg]: /content-management/organization/
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[definetype]: /content-management/types/#defining-a-content-type "Learn how to specify a type and a layout in a content's front matter"
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[headless-bundle]: /content-management/page-bundles/#headless-bundle
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[json]: https://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/ECMA-404.pdf "Specification for JSON, JavaScript Object Notation"
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[lists]: /templates/lists/#ordering-content "See how to order content in list pages; for example, templates that look to specific _index.md for content and front matter."
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[lookup]: /templates/lookup-order/ "Hugo traverses your templates in a specific order when rendering content to allow for DRYer templating."
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[ordering]: /templates/lists/ "Hugo provides multiple ways to sort and order your content in list templates"
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[outputs]: /templates/output-formats/ "With the release of v22, you can output your content to any text format using Hugo's familiar templating"
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[page-resources]: /content-management/page-resources/
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[pagevars]: /variables/page/
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[section]: /content-management/sections/
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[taxweight]: /content-management/taxonomies/
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[toml]: https://github.com/toml-lang/toml "Specification for TOML, Tom's Obvious Minimal Language"
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[urls]: /content-management/urls/
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[variables]: /variables/
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[yaml]: https://yaml.org/spec/ "Specification for YAML, YAML Ain't Markup Language"
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