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463 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
463 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Front matter
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description: Use front matter to add metadata to your content.
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categories: [content management]
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keywords: [front matter,yaml,toml,json,metadata,archetypes]
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menu:
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docs:
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parent: content-management
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weight: 60
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weight: 60
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toc: true
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aliases: [/content/front-matter/]
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---
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## Overview
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The front matter at the top of each content file is metadata that:
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- Describes the content
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- Augments the content
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- Establishes relationships with other content
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- Controls the published structure of your site
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- Determines template selection
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Provide front matter using a serialization format, one of [JSON], [TOML], or [YAML]. Hugo determines the front matter format by examining the delimiters that separate the front matter from the page content.
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[json]: https://www.json.org/
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[toml]: https://toml.io/
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[yaml]: https://yaml.org/
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See examples of front matter delimiters by toggling between the serialization formats below.
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{{< code-toggle file=content/example.md fm=true >}}
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title = 'Example'
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date = 2024-02-02T04:14:54-08:00
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draft = false
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weight = 10
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[params]
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author = 'John Smith'
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{{< /code-toggle >}}
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Front matter fields may be [boolean], [integer], [float], [string], [arrays], or [maps]. Note that the TOML format also supports unquoted date/time values.
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[scalar]: /getting-started/glossary/#scalar
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[arrays]: /getting-started/glossary/#array
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[maps]: /getting-started/glossary/#map
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[boolean]: /getting-started/glossary/#boolean
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[integer]: /getting-started/glossary/#integer
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[float]: /getting-started/glossary/#float
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[string]: /getting-started/glossary/#string
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## Fields
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The most common front matter fields are `date`, `draft`, `title`, and `weight`, but you can specify metadata using any of fields below.
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{{% note %}}
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The field names below are reserved. For example, you cannot create a custom field named `type`. Create custom fields under the `params` key. See the [parameters] section for details.
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[parameters]: #parameters
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{{% /note %}}
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###### aliases
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(`string array`) An array of one or more aliases, where each alias is a relative URL that will redirect the browser to the current location. Access these values from a template using the [`Aliases`] method on a `Page` object. See the [aliases] section for details.
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[`aliases`]: /methods/page/aliases/
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[aliases]: /content-management/urls/#aliases
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###### build
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(`map`) A map of [build options].
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[build options]: /content-management/build-options/
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###### cascade {#cascade-field}
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(`map`) A map of front matter keys whose values are passed down to the page’s descendants unless overwritten by self or a closer ancestor’s cascade. See the [cascade] section for details.
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[cascade]: #cascade
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###### date
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(`string`) The date associated with the page, typically the creation date. Note that the TOML format also supports unquoted date/time values. See the [dates](#dates) section for examples. Access this value from a template using the [`Date`] method on a `Page` object.
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[`date`]: /methods/page/date/
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###### description
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(`string`) Conceptually different than the page `summary`, the description is typically rendered within a `meta` element within the `head` element of the published HTML file. Access this value from a template using the [`Description`] method on a `Page` object.
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[`description`]: /methods/page/description/
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###### draft
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(`bool`)
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If `true`, the page will not be rendered unless you pass the `--buildDrafts` flag to the `hugo` command. Access this value from a template using the [`Draft`] method on a `Page` object.
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[`draft`]: /methods/page/draft/
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###### expiryDate
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(`string`) The page expiration date. On or after the expiration date, the page will not be rendered unless you pass the `--buildExpired` flag to the `hugo` command. Note that the TOML format also supports unquoted date/time values. See the [dates](#dates) section for examples. Access this value from a template using the [`ExpiryDate`] method on a `Page` object.
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[`expirydate`]: /methods/page/expirydate/
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###### headless
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(`bool`) Applicable to [leaf bundles], if `true` this value sets the `render` and `list` [build options] to `never`, creating a headless bundle of [page resources].
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[leaf bundles]: /content-management/page-bundles/#leaf-bundles
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[page resources]: /content-management/page-resources/
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###### isCJKLanguage
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(`bool`) Set to `true` if the content language is in the [CJK] family. This value determines how Hugo calculates word count, and affects the values returned by the [`WordCount`], [`FuzzyWordCount`], [`ReadingTime`], and [`Summary`] methods on a `Page` object.
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[`fuzzywordcount`]: /methods/page/wordcount/
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[`readingtime`]: /methods/page/readingtime/
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[`summary`]: /methods/page/summary/
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[`wordcount`]: /methods/page/wordcount/
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[cjk]: /getting-started/glossary/#cjk
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###### keywords
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(`string array`) An array of keywords, typically rendered within a `meta` element within the `head` element of the published HTML file, or used as a [taxonomy] to classify content. Access these values from a template using the [`Keywords`] method on a `Page` object.
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[`keywords`]: /methods/page/keywords/
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[taxonomy]: /getting-started/glossary/#taxonomy
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{{% comment %}}
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<!-- Added in v0.123.0 but purposefully omitted from documentation. -->
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<!--
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kind
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: The kind of page, e.g. "page", "section", "home" etc. This is usually derived from the content path.
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-->
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<!-- Added in v0.123.0 but purposefully omitted from documentation. -->
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<!--
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lang
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: The language code for this page. This is usually derived from the module mount or filename.
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-->
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{{% /comment %}}
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###### lastmod
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(`string`) The date that the page was last modified. Note that the TOML format also supports unquoted date/time values. See the [dates](#dates) section for examples. Access this value from a template using the [`Lastmod`] method on a `Page` object.
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[`lastmod`]: /methods/page/date/
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###### layout
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(`string`) Provide a template name to [target a specific template], overriding the default [template lookup order]. Set the value to the base file name of the template, excluding its extension. Access this value from a template using the [`Layout`] method on a `Page` object.
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[`layout`]: /methods/page/layout/
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[template lookup order]: /templates/lookup-order/
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[target a specific template]: templates/lookup-order/#target-a-template
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###### linkTitle
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(`string`) Typically a shorter version of the `title`. Access this value from a template using the [`LinkTitle`] method on a `Page` object.
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[`linktitle`]: /methods/page/linktitle/
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###### markup
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(`string`) An identifier corresponding to one of the supported [content formats]. If not provided, Hugo determines the content renderer based on the file extension.
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[content formats]: /content-management/formats/#classification
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###### menus
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(`string`, `string array`, or `map`) If set, Hugo adds the page to the given menu or menus. See the [menus] page for details.
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[menus]: /content-management/menus/#define-in-front-matter
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###### modified
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Alias to [lastmod](#lastmod).
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###### outputs
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(`string array`) The [output formats] to render.
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[output formats]: /templates/output-formats/
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{{% comment %}}
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<!-- Added in v0.123.0 but purposefully omitted from documentation. -->
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<!--
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path
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: The canonical page path.
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-->
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{{% /comment %}}
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###### params
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{{< new-in 0.123.0 >}}
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(`map`) A map of custom [page parameters].
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[page parameters]: #parameters
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###### pubdate
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Alias to [publishDate](#publishdate).
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###### publishDate
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(`string`) The page publication date. Before the publication date, the page will not be rendered unless you pass the `--buildFuture` flag to the `hugo` command. Note that the TOML format also supports unquoted date/time values. See the [dates](#dates) section for examples. Access this value from a template using the [`PublishDate`] method on a `Page` object.
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[`publishdate`]: /methods/page/publishdate/
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###### published
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Alias to [publishDate](#publishdate).
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###### resources
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(`map array`) An array of maps to provide metadata for [page resources].
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[page-resources]: /content-management/page-resources/#page-resources-metadata
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###### sitemap
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(`map`) A map of sitemap options. See the [sitemap templates] page for details. Access these values from a template using the [`Sitemap`] method on a `Page` object.
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[sitemap templates]: /templates/sitemap/
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[`sitemap`]: /methods/page/sitemap/
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###### slug
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(`string`) Overrides the last segment of the URL path. Not applicable to section pages. See the [URL management] page for details. Access this value from a template using the [`Slug`] method on a `Page` object.
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[`slug`]: /methods/page/slug/
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[URL management]: /content-management/urls/#slug
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###### summary
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(`string`) Conceptually different than the page `description`, the summary either summarizes the content or serves as a teaser to encourage readers to visit the page. Access this value from a template using the [`Summary`] method on a `Page` object.
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[`Summary`]: /methods/page/summary/
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###### title
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(`string`) The page title. Access this value from a template using the [`Title`] method on a `Page` object.
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[`title`]: /methods/page/title/
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###### translationKey
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(`string`) An arbitrary value used to relate two or more translations of the same page, useful when the translated pages do not share a common path. Access this value from a template using the [`TranslationKey`] method on a `Page` object.
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[`translationkey`]: /methods/page/translationkey/
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###### type
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(`string`) The [content type], overriding the value derived from the top level section in which the page resides. Access this value from a template using the [`Type`] method on a `Page` object.
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[content type]: /getting-started/glossary/#content-type
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[`type`]: /methods/page/type/
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###### unpublishdate
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Alias to [expirydate](#expirydate).
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###### url
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(`string`) Overrides the entire URL path. Applicable to regular pages and section pages. See the [URL management] page for details.
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###### weight
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(`int`) The page [weight], used to order the page within a [page collection]. Access this value from a template using the [`Weight`] method on a `Page` object.
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[page collection]: /getting-started/glossary/#page-collection
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[weight]: /getting-started/glossary/#weight
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[`weight`]: /methods/page/weight/
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## Parameters
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{{< new-in 0.123.0 >}}
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Specify custom page parameters under the `params` key in front matter:
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{{< code-toggle file=content/example.md fm=true >}}
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title = 'Example'
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date = 2024-02-02T04:14:54-08:00
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draft = false
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weight = 10
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[params]
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author = 'John Smith'
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{{< /code-toggle >}}
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Access these values from a template using the [`Params`] or [`Param`] method on a `Page` object.
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[`param`]: /methods/page/param/
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[`params`]: /methods/page/params/
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Hugo provides [embedded templates] to optionally insert meta data within the `head` element of your rendered pages. These embedded templates expect the following front matter parameters:
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Parameter|Data type|Used by these embedded templates
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:--|:--|:--
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`audio`|`[]string`|[`opengraph.html`]
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`images`|`[]string`|[`opengraph.html`], [`schema.html`], [`twitter_cards.html`]
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`videos`|`[]string`|[`opengraph.html`]
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The embedded templates will skip a parameter if not provided in front matter, but will throw an error if the data type is unexpected.
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[`opengraph.html`]: {{% eturl opengraph %}}
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[`schema.html`]: {{% eturl schema %}}
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[`twitter_cards.html`]: {{% eturl twitter_cards %}}
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[embedded templates]: /templates/embedded/
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## Taxonomies
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Classify content by adding taxonomy terms to front matter. For example, with this site configuration:
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{{< code-toggle file=hugo >}}
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[taxonomies]
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tag = 'tags'
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genre = 'genres'
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{{< /code-toggle >}}
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Add taxonomy terms as shown below:
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{{< code-toggle file=content/example.md fm=true >}}
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title = 'Example'
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date = 2024-02-02T04:14:54-08:00
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draft = false
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weight = 10
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tags = ['red','blue']
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genres = ['mystery','romance']
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[params]
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author = 'John Smith'
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{{< /code-toggle >}}
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You can add taxonomy terms to the front matter of any these [page kinds]:
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- `home`
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- `page`
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- `section`
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- `taxonomy`
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- `term`
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[page kinds]: /getting-started/glossary/#page-kind
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Access taxonomy terms from a template using the [`Params`] or [`GetTerms`] method on a `Page` object. For example:
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{{< code file=layouts/_default/single.html >}}
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{{ with .GetTerms "tags" }}
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<p>Tags</p>
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<ul>
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{{ range . }}
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<li><a href="{{ .RelPermalink }}">{{ .LinkTitle }}</a></li>
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{{ end }}
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</ul>
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{{ end }}
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{{< /code >}}
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[`Params`]: /methods/page/params/
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[`GetTerms`]: /methods/page/getterms/
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## Cascade
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Any [node] can pass down to its descendants a set of front matter values.
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[node]: /getting-started/glossary/#node
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### Target specific pages
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The `cascade` block can be an array with an optional `_target` keyword, allowing you to target different page sets while cascading values.
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{{< code-toggle file=content/_index.md fm=true >}}
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title ="Home"
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[[cascade]]
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[cascade.params]
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background = "yosemite.jpg"
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[cascade._target]
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path="/articles/**"
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lang="en"
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kind="page"
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[[cascade]]
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[cascade.params]
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background = "goldenbridge.jpg"
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[cascade._target]
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kind="section"
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{{</ code-toggle >}}
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Use any combination of these keywords to target a set of pages:
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###### path {#cascade-path}
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(`string`) A [Glob](https://github.com/gobwas/glob) pattern matching the content path below /content. Expects Unix-styled slashes. Note that this is the virtual path, so it starts at the mount root. The matching supports double-asterisks so you can match for patterns like `/blog/*/**` to match anything from the third level and down.
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###### kind {#cascade-kind}
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(`string`) A Glob pattern matching the Page's Kind(s), e.g. "{home,section}".
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###### lang {#cascade-lang}
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(`string`) A Glob pattern matching the Page's language, e.g. "{en,sv}".
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###### environment {#cascade-environment}
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(`string`) A Glob pattern matching the build environment, e.g. "{production,development}"
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Any of the above can be omitted.
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{{% note %}}
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With a multilingual site it may be more efficient to define the `cascade` values in your site configuration to avoid duplicating the `cascade` values on the section, taxonomy, or term page for each language.
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With a multilingual site, if you choose to define the `cascade` values in front matter, you must create a section, taxonomy, or term page for each language; the `lang` keyword is ignored.
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{{% /note %}}
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### Example
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{{< code-toggle file=content/posts/_index.md fm=true >}}
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date = 2024-02-01T21:25:36-08:00
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title = 'Posts'
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[cascade]
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[cascade.params]
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banner = 'images/typewriter.jpg'
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{{</ code-toggle >}}
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With the above example the posts section page and its descendants will return `images/typewriter.jpg` when `.Params.banner` is invoked unless:
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- Said descendant has its own `banner` value set
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- Or a closer ancestor node has its own `cascade.banner` value set.
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## Emacs Org Mode
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If your [content format] is [Emacs Org Mode], you may provide front matter using Org Mode keywords. For example:
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{{< code file=content/example.org lang=text >}}
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#+TITLE: Example
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#+DATE: 2024-02-02T04:14:54-08:00
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#+DRAFT: false
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#+AUTHOR: John Smith
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#+GENRES: mystery
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#+GENRES: romance
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#+TAGS: red
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#+TAGS: blue
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#+WEIGHT: 10
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{{< /code >}}
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Note that you can also specify array elements on a single line:
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{{< code file=content/example.org lang=text >}}
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#+TAGS[]: red blue
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{{< /code >}}
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[content format]: /content-management/formats/
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[emacs org mode]: https://orgmode.org/
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## Dates
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When populating a date field, whether a [custom page parameter](#parameters) or one of the four predefined fields ([`date`](#date), [`expiryDate`](#expirydate), [`lastmod`](#lastmod), [`publishDate`](#publishdate)), use one of these parsable formats:
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{{% include "functions/time/_common/parsable-date-time-strings.md" %}}
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To override the default time zone, set the [`timeZone`](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/configuration/#timezone) in your site configuration. The order of precedence for determining the time zone is:
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1. The time zone offset in the date/time string
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2. The time zone specified in your site configuration
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3. The `Etc/UTC` time zone
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