hugo/content/content-management/multilingual.md

title	linktitle	description	date	publishdate	lastmod	categories	keywords	menu	weight	draft	aliases	toc
Multilingual Mode	Multilingual and i18n	Hugo supports the creation of websites with multiple languages side by side.	2017-01-10	2017-01-10	2017-01-10	content management	multilingual i18n internationalization	docs parent weight content-management 150	150	false	/content/multilingual/ /content-management/multilingual/ /tutorials/create-a-multilingual-site/	true

You should define the available languages in a languages section in your site configuration.

Configure Languages

The following is an example of a TOML site configuration for a multilingual Hugo project:

{{< code file="config.toml" download="config.toml" >}} DefaultContentLanguage = "en" copyright = "Everything is mine"

[params.navigation] help = "Help"

[languages] [languages.en] title = "My blog" weight = 1 linkedin = "english-link"

[languages.fr] copyright = "Tout est à moi" title = "Mon blog" weight = 2 linkedin = "lien-francais"

skip params key for front matter

[languages.fr.navigation] help = "Aide" {{< /code >}}

Anything not defined in a [languages] block will fall back to the global value for that key (e.g., copyright for the English [en] language).

With the configuration above, all content, sitemap, RSS feeds, paginations, and taxonomy pages will be rendered below / in English (your default content language) and then below /fr in French.

When working with front matter Params in single page templates, omit the params in the key for the translation.

If you want all of the languages to be put below their respective language code, enable defaultContentLanguageInSubdir: true.

Only the obvious non-global options can be overridden per language. Examples of global options are baseURL, buildDrafts, etc.

Disable a Language

You can disable one or more languages. This can be useful when working on a new translation.

disableLanguages = ["fr", "jp"]

Note that you cannot disable the default content language.

We kept this as a standalone setting to make it easier to set via OS environment:

HUGO_DISABLELANGUAGES="fr jp" hugo

If you have already a list of disabled languages in config.toml, you can enable them in development like this:

HUGO_DISABLELANGUAGES=" " hugo server

Configure Multilingual Multihost

From Hugo 0.31 we support multiple languages in a multihost configuration. See this issue for details.

This means that you can now configure a baseURL per language:

If a baseURL is set on the language level, then all languages must have one and they must all be different.

Example:

[languages]
[languages.no]
baseURL = "https://example.no"
languageName = "Norsk"
weight = 1
title = "På norsk"

[languages.en]
baseURL = "https://example.com"
languageName = "English"
weight = 2
title = "In English"

With the above, the two sites will be generated into public with their own root:

public
├── en
└── no

All URLs (i.e .Permalink etc.) will be generated from that root. So the English home page above will have its .Permalink set to https://example.com/.

When you run hugo server we will start multiple HTTP servers. You will typlically see something like this in the console:

Web Server is available at 127.0.0.1:1313 (bind address 127.0.0.1)
Web Server is available at 127.0.0.1:1314 (bind address 127.0.0.1)
Press Ctrl+C to stop

Live reload and --navigateToChanged between the servers work as expected.

Taxonomies and Blackfriday

Taxonomies and Blackfriday configuration can also be set per language:

{{< code file="bf-config.toml" >}} [Taxonomies] tag = "tags"

[blackfriday] angledQuotes = true hrefTargetBlank = true

[languages] [languages.en] weight = 1 title = "English" [languages.en.blackfriday] angledQuotes = false

[languages.fr] weight = 2 title = "Français" [languages.fr.Taxonomies] plaque = "plaques" {{< /code >}}

Translate Your Content

Translated articles are identified by the name of the content file.

Examples of Translated Articles

1. /content/about.en.md
2. /content/about.fr.md

In this example, the about.md will be assigned the configured defaultContentLanguage.

1. /content/about.md
2. /content/about.fr.md

This way, you can slowly start to translate your current content without having to rename everything. If left unspecified, the default value for defaultContentLanguage is en.

By having the same directory and base filename, the content pieces are linked together as translated pieces.

You can also set the key used to link the translations explicitly in front matter:

translationKey: "my-story"

{{% note %}} Before Hugo 0.31, the file's directory was not considered when looking for translations. This did not work when you named all of your content files, say, index.md. Now we use the full content path. {{% /note %}}

If you need distinct URLs per language, you can set the slug in the non-default language file. For example, you can define a custom slug for a French translation in the front matter of content/about.fr.md as follows:

slug: "a-propos"

At render, Hugo will build both /about/ and /a-propos/ as properly linked translated pages.

Link to Translated Content

To create a list of links to translated content, use a template similar to the following:

{{< code file="layouts/partials/i18nlist.html" >}} {{ if .IsTranslated }}

{{ i18n "translations" }}

{{ range .Translations }}
• {{ .Lang }}: {{ .Title }}{{ if .IsPage }} ({{ i18n "wordCount" . }}){{ end }}
{{ end}}

{{ end }} {{< /code >}}

The above can be put in a partial (i.e., inside layouts/partials/) and included in any template, be it for a single content page or the homepage. It will not print anything if there are no translations for a given page.

The above also uses the i18n function described in the next section.

List All Available Languages

.AllTranslations on a Page can be used to list all translations, including itself. Called on the home page it can be used to build a language navigator:

{{< code file="layouts/partials/allLanguages.html" >}}

{{ range $.Site.Home.AllTranslations }}
• {{ .Language.LanguageName }}
{{ end }}

{{< /code >}}

Translation of Strings

Hugo uses go-i18n to support string translations. See the project's source repository to find tools that will help you manage your translation workflows.

Translations are collected from the themes/<THEME>/i18n/ folder (built into the theme), as well as translations present in i18n/ at the root of your project. In the i18n, the translations will be merged and take precedence over what is in the theme folder. Language files should be named according to RFC 5646 with names such as en-US.toml, fr.toml, etc.

{{% note %}} From Hugo 0.31 you no longer need to use a valid language code. It can be anything.

See https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/3564

{{% /note %}}

From within your templates, use the i18n function like this:

{{ i18n "home" }}

This uses a definition like this one in i18n/en-US.toml:

[home]
other = "Home"

Often you will want to use to the page variables in the translations strings. To do that, pass on the "." context when calling i18n:

{{ i18n "wordCount" . }}

This uses a definition like this one in i18n/en-US.toml:

[wordCount]
other = "This article has {{ .WordCount }} words."

An example of singular and plural form:

[readingTime]
one = "One minute read"
other = "{{.Count}} minutes read"

And then in the template:

{{ i18n "readingTime" .ReadingTime }}

To track down missing translation strings, run Hugo with the --i18n-warnings flag:

 hugo --i18n-warnings | grep i18n
i18n|MISSING_TRANSLATION|en|wordCount

Customize Dates

At the time of this writing, Golang does not yet have support for internationalized locales, but if you do some work, you can simulate it. For example, if you want to use French month names, you can add a data file like data/mois.yaml with this content:

1: "janvier"
2: "février"
3: "mars"
4: "avril"
5: "mai"
6: "juin"
7: "juillet"
8: "août"
9: "septembre"
10: "octobre"
11: "novembre"
12: "décembre"

... then index the non-English date names in your templates like so:

<time class="post-date" datetime="{{ .Date.Format "2006-01-02T15:04:05Z07:00" | safeHTML }}">
  Article publié le {{ .Date.Day }} {{ index $.Site.Data.mois (printf "%d" .Date.Month) }} {{ .Date.Year }} (dernière modification le {{ .Lastmod.Day }} {{ index $.Site.Data.mois (printf "%d" .Lastmod.Month) }} {{ .Lastmod.Year }})
</time>

This technique extracts the day, month and year by specifying .Date.Day, .Date.Month, and .Date.Year, and uses the month number as a key, when indexing the month name data file.

Menus

You can define your menus for each language independently. The creation of a menu works analogous to earlier versions of Hugo, except that they have to be defined in their language-specific block in the configuration file:

defaultContentLanguage = "en"

[languages.en]
weight = 0
languageName = "English"

[[languages.en.menu.main]]
url    = "/"
name   = "Home"
weight = 0


[languages.de]
weight = 10
languageName = "Deutsch"

[[languages.de.menu.main]]
url    = "/"
name   = "Startseite"
weight = 0

The rendering of the main navigation works as usual. .Site.Menus will just contain the menu of the current language. Pay attention to the generation of the menu links. absLangURL takes care that you link to the correct locale of your website. Otherwise, both menu entries would link to the English version as the default content language that resides in the root directory.

<ul>
    {{- $currentPage := . -}}
    {{ range .Site.Menus.main -}}
    <li class="{{ if $currentPage.IsMenuCurrent "main" . }}active{{ end }}">
        <a href="{{ .URL | absLangURL }}">{{ .Name }}</a>
    </li>
    {{- end }}
</ul>

Missing translations

If a string does not have a translation for the current language, Hugo will use the value from the default language. If no default value is set, an empty string will be shown.

While translating a Hugo website, it can be handy to have a visual indicator of missing translations. The enableMissingTranslationPlaceholders configuration option will flag all untranslated strings with the placeholder [i18n] identifier, where identifier is the id of the missing translation.

{{% note %}} Hugo will generate your website with these missing translation placeholders. It might not be suited for production environments. {{% /note %}}

Multilingual Themes support

To support Multilingual mode in your themes, some considerations must be taken for the URLs in the templates. If there is more than one language, URLs must meet the following criteria:

• Come from the built-in .Permalink or .URL
• Be constructed with
  • The relLangURL template function or the absLangURL template function OR
  • Prefixed with {{ .LanguagePrefix }}

If there is more than one language defined, the LanguagePrefix variable will equal /en (or whatever your CurrentLanguage is). If not enabled, it will be an empty string and is therefore harmless for single-language Hugo websites.