pyenv/README.md

# Simple Python Version Management: pyenv

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pyenv lets you easily switch between multiple versions of Python. It's
simple, unobtrusive, and follows the UNIX tradition of single-purpose
tools that do one thing well.

This project was forked from [rbenv](https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv) and
[ruby-build](https://github.com/rbenv/ruby-build), and modified for Python.

<img src="/terminal_output.png" width="595" height="490" />


### pyenv _does..._

* Let you **change the global Python version** on a per-user basis.
* Provide support for **per-project Python versions**.
* Allow you to **override the Python version** with an environment
  variable.
* Search commands from **multiple versions of Python at a time**.
  This may be helpful to test across Python versions with [tox](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox).


### In contrast with pythonbrew and pythonz, pyenv _does not..._

* **Depend on Python itself.** pyenv was made from pure shell scripts.
    There is no bootstrap problem of Python.
* **Need to be loaded into your shell.** Instead, pyenv's shim
    approach works by adding a directory to your `$PATH`.
* **Manage virtualenv.** Of course, you can create [virtualenv](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenv)
    yourself, or [pyenv-virtualenv](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv-virtualenv)
    to automate the process.


----


## Table of Contents

* **[How It Works](#how-it-works)**
  * [Understanding PATH](#understanding-path)
  * [Understanding Shims](#understanding-shims)
  * [Choosing the Python Version](#choosing-the-python-version)
  * [Locating the Python Installation](#locating-the-python-installation)
* **[Installation](#installation)**
  * [Basic GitHub Checkout](#basic-github-checkout)
    * [Upgrading](#upgrading)
    * [Homebrew on Mac OS X](#homebrew-on-mac-os-x)
    * [Advanced Configuration](#advanced-configuration)
    * [Uninstalling Python Versions](#uninstalling-python-versions)
* **[Command Reference](#command-reference)**
* **[Development](#development)**
  * [Version History](#version-history)
  * [License](#license)


----


## How It Works

At a high level, pyenv intercepts Python commands using shim
executables injected into your `PATH`, determines which Python version
has been specified by your application, and passes your commands along
to the correct Python installation.

### Understanding PATH

When you run a command like `python` or `pip`, your operating system
searches through a list of directories to find an executable file with
that name. This list of directories lives in an environment variable
called `PATH`, with each directory in the list separated by a colon:

    /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin

Directories in `PATH` are searched from left to right, so a matching
executable in a directory at the beginning of the list takes
precedence over another one at the end. In this example, the
`/usr/local/bin` directory will be searched first, then `/usr/bin`,
then `/bin`.

### Understanding Shims

pyenv works by inserting a directory of _shims_ at the front of your
`PATH`:

    $(pyenv root)/shims:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin

Through a process called _rehashing_, pyenv maintains shims in that
directory to match every Python command across every installed version
of Python—`python`, `pip`, and so on.

Shims are lightweight executables that simply pass your command along
to pyenv. So with pyenv installed, when you run, say, `pip`, your
operating system will do the following:

* Search your `PATH` for an executable file named `pip`
* Find the pyenv shim named `pip` at the beginning of your `PATH`
* Run the shim named `pip`, which in turn passes the command along to
  pyenv

### Choosing the Python Version

When you execute a shim, pyenv determines which Python version to use by
reading it from the following sources, in this order:

1. The `PYENV_VERSION` environment variable (if specified). You can use
   the [`pyenv shell`](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/blob/master/COMMANDS.md#pyenv-shell) command to set this environment
   variable in your current shell session.

2. The application-specific `.python-version` file in the current
   directory (if present). You can modify the current directory's
   `.python-version` file with the [`pyenv local`](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/blob/master/COMMANDS.md#pyenv-local)
   command.

3. The first `.python-version` file found (if any) by searching each parent
   directory, until reaching the root of your filesystem.

4. The global `$(pyenv root)/version` file. You can modify this file using
   the [`pyenv global`](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/blob/master/COMMANDS.md#pyenv-global) command. If the global version
   file is not present, pyenv assumes you want to use the "system"
   Python. (In other words, whatever version would run if pyenv weren't in your
   `PATH`.)

**NOTE:** You can activate multiple versions at the same time, including multiple
versions of Python2 or Python3 simultaneously. This allows for parallel usage of
Python2 and Python3, and is required with tools like `tox`. For example, to set
your path to first use your `system` Python and Python3 (set to 2.7.9 and 3.4.2
in this example), but also have Python 3.3.6, 3.2, and 2.5 available on your
`PATH`, one would first `pyenv install` the missing versions, then set `pyenv
global system 3.3.6 3.2 2.5`. At this point, one should be able to find the full
executable path to each of these using `pyenv which`, e.g. `pyenv which python2.5`
(should display `$(pyenv root)/versions/2.5/bin/python2.5`), or `pyenv which
python3.4` (should display path to system Python3). You can also specify multiple
versions in a `.python-version` file, separated by newlines or any whitespace.

### Locating the Python Installation

Once pyenv has determined which version of Python your application has
specified, it passes the command along to the corresponding Python
installation.

Each Python version is installed into its own directory under
`$(pyenv root)/versions`.

For example, you might have these versions installed:

* `$(pyenv root)/versions/2.7.8/`
* `$(pyenv root)/versions/3.4.2/`
* `$(pyenv root)/versions/pypy-2.4.0/`

As far as pyenv is concerned, version names are simply the directories in
`$(pyenv root)/versions`.

### Managing Virtual Environments

There is a pyenv plugin named [pyenv-virtualenv](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv-virtualenv) which comes with various features to help pyenv users to manage virtual environments created by virtualenv or Anaconda.
Because the `activate` script of those virtual environments are relying on mutating `$PATH` variable of user's interactive shell, it will intercept pyenv's shim style command execution hooks.
We'd recommend to install pyenv-virtualenv as well if you have some plan to play with those virtual environments.


----


## Installation

If you're on Mac OS X, consider [installing with Homebrew](#homebrew-on-mac-os-x).


### The automatic installer

Visit my other project:
https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv-installer


### Basic GitHub Checkout

This will get you going with the latest version of pyenv and make it
easy to fork and contribute any changes back upstream.

1. **Check out pyenv where you want it installed.**
   A good place to choose is `$HOME/.pyenv` (but you can install it somewhere else).

        $ git clone https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv.git ~/.pyenv


2. **Define environment variable `PYENV_ROOT`** to point to the path where
   pyenv repo is cloned and add `$PYENV_ROOT/bin` to your `$PATH` for access
   to the `pyenv` command-line utility.

    ```sh
    $ echo 'export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"' >> ~/.bash_profile
    $ echo 'export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bash_profile
    ```
    **Zsh note**: Modify your `~/.zshenv` file instead of `~/.bash_profile`.  
    **Ubuntu and Fedora note**: Modify your `~/.bashrc` file instead of `~/.bash_profile`.  
    **Proxy note**: If you use a proxy, export `http_proxy` and `HTTPS_PROXY` too.

3. **Add `pyenv init` to your shell** to enable shims and autocompletion.
   Please make sure `eval "$(pyenv init -)"` is placed toward the end of the shell
   configuration file since it manipulates `PATH` during the initialization.
    ```sh
    $ echo -e 'if command -v pyenv 1>/dev/null 2>&1; then\n  eval "$(pyenv init -)"\nfi' >> ~/.bash_profile
    ```
    **Zsh note**: Modify your `~/.zshenv` file instead of `~/.bash_profile`.  
    **Ubuntu and Fedora note**: Modify your `~/.bashrc` file instead of `~/.bash_profile`.

    **General warning**: There are some systems where the `BASH_ENV` variable is configured
    to point to `.bashrc`. On such systems you should almost certainly put the abovementioned line
    `eval "$(pyenv init -)"` into `.bash_profile`, and **not** into `.bashrc`. Otherwise you
    may observe strange behaviour, such as `pyenv` getting into an infinite loop.
    See [#264](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/issues/264) for details.

4. **Restart your shell so the path changes take effect.**
   You can now begin using pyenv.
    ```sh
    $ exec "$SHELL"
    ```
5. **Install Python versions into `$(pyenv root)/versions`.**
   For example, to download and install Python 2.7.8, run:
    ```sh
    $ pyenv install 2.7.8
    ```
   **NOTE:** If you need to pass configure option to build, please use
   ```CONFIGURE_OPTS``` environment variable.

   **NOTE:** If you want to use proxy to download, please use `http_proxy` and `https_proxy`
   environment variable.

   **NOTE:** If you are having trouble installing a python version,
   please visit the wiki page about
   [Common Build Problems](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/wiki/Common-build-problems)


#### Upgrading

If you've installed pyenv using the instructions above, you can
upgrade your installation at any time using git.

To upgrade to the latest development version of pyenv, use `git pull`:

```sh
$ cd $(pyenv root)
$ git pull
```

To upgrade to a specific release of pyenv, check out the corresponding tag:

```sh
$ cd $(pyenv root)
$ git fetch
$ git tag
v0.1.0
$ git checkout v0.1.0
```

### Uninstalling pyenv

The simplicity of pyenv makes it easy to temporarily disable it, or
uninstall from the system.

1. To **disable** pyenv managing your Python versions, simply remove the
  `pyenv init` line from your shell startup configuration. This will
  remove pyenv shims directory from PATH, and future invocations like
  `python` will execute the system Python version, as before pyenv.

  `pyenv` will still be accessible on the command line, but your Python
  apps won't be affected by version switching.

2. To completely **uninstall** pyenv, perform step (1) and then remove
   its root directory. This will **delete all Python versions** that were
   installed under `` $(pyenv root)/versions/ `` directory:
    ```sh
    rm -rf $(pyenv root)
    ```
   If you've installed pyenv using a package manager, as a final step
   perform the pyenv package removal. For instance, for Homebrew:

        brew uninstall pyenv

### Homebrew on Mac OS X

You can also install pyenv using the [Homebrew](http://brew.sh)
package manager for Mac OS X.

    $ brew update
    $ brew install pyenv


To upgrade pyenv in the future, use `upgrade` instead of `install`.

Then follow the rest of the post-installation steps under [Basic GitHub Checkout](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv#basic-github-checkout) above, starting with #3 ("Add `pyenv init` to your shell to enable shims and autocompletion").

### Advanced Configuration

Skip this section unless you must know what every line in your shell
profile is doing.

`pyenv init` is the only command that crosses the line of loading
extra commands into your shell. Coming from rvm, some of you might be
opposed to this idea. Here's what `pyenv init` actually does:

1. **Sets up your shims path.** This is the only requirement for pyenv to
   function properly. You can do this by hand by prepending
   `$(pyenv root)/shims` to your `$PATH`.

2. **Installs autocompletion.** This is entirely optional but pretty
   useful. Sourcing `$(pyenv root)/completions/pyenv.bash` will set that
   up. There is also a `$(pyenv root)/completions/pyenv.zsh` for Zsh
   users.

3. **Rehashes shims.** From time to time you'll need to rebuild your
   shim files. Doing this on init makes sure everything is up to
   date. You can always run `pyenv rehash` manually.

4. **Installs the sh dispatcher.** This bit is also optional, but allows
   pyenv and plugins to change variables in your current shell, making
   commands like `pyenv shell` possible. The sh dispatcher doesn't do
   anything crazy like override `cd` or hack your shell prompt, but if
   for some reason you need `pyenv` to be a real script rather than a
   shell function, you can safely skip it.

To see exactly what happens under the hood for yourself, run `pyenv init -`.


### Uninstalling Python Versions

As time goes on, you will accumulate Python versions in your
`$(pyenv root)/versions` directory.

To remove old Python versions, `pyenv uninstall` command to automate
the removal process.

Alternatively, simply `rm -rf` the directory of the version you want
to remove. You can find the directory of a particular Python version
with the `pyenv prefix` command, e.g. `pyenv prefix 2.6.8`.


----


## Command Reference

See [COMMANDS.md](COMMANDS.md).


----

## Environment variables

You can affect how pyenv operates with the following settings:

name | default | description
-----|---------|------------
`PYENV_VERSION` | | Specifies the Python version to be used.<br>Also see [`pyenv shell`](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/blob/master/COMMANDS.md#pyenv-shell)
`PYENV_ROOT` | `~/.pyenv` | Defines the directory under which Python versions and shims reside.<br>Also see `pyenv root`
`PYENV_DEBUG` | | Outputs debug information.<br>Also as: `pyenv --debug <subcommand>`
`PYENV_HOOK_PATH` | [_see wiki_][hooks] | Colon-separated list of paths searched for pyenv hooks.
`PYENV_DIR` | `$PWD` | Directory to start searching for `.python-version` files.
`PYTHON_BUILD_ARIA2_OPTS` | | Used to pass additional parameters to [`aria2`](https://aria2.github.io/).<br>if `aria2c` binary is available on PATH, pyenv use `aria2c` instead of `curl` or `wget` to download the Python Source code. If you have an unstable internet connection, you can use this variable to instruct `aria2` to accelerate the download.<br>In most cases, you will only need to use `-x 10 -k 1M` as value to `PYTHON_BUILD_ARIA2_OPTS` environment variable



## Development

The pyenv source code is [hosted on
GitHub](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv).  It's clean, modular,
and easy to understand, even if you're not a shell hacker.

Tests are executed using [Bats](https://github.com/sstephenson/bats):

    $ bats test
    $ bats/test/<file>.bats

Please feel free to submit pull requests and file bugs on the [issue
tracker](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/issues).


  [pyenv-virtualenv]: https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv-virtualenv#readme
  [hooks]: https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/wiki/Authoring-plugins#pyenv-hooks