hugo/docs/content/en/content-management/page-bundles.md
2024-06-21 09:41:24 +02:00

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---
title: Page bundles
description: Use page bundles to logically associate one or more resources with content.
categories: [content management]
keywords: [page,bundle,leaf,branch]
menu :
docs:
parent: content-management
weight: 30
weight: 30
toc: true
---
## Introduction
A page bundle is a directory that encapsulates both content and associated resources.
By way of example, this site has an "about" page and a "privacy" page:
```text
content/
├── about/
│ ├── index.md
│ └── welcome.jpg
└── privacy.md
```
The "about" page is a page bundle. It logically associates a resource with content by bundling them together. Resources within a page bundle are [page resources], accessible with the [`Resources`] method on the `Page` object.
Page bundles are either _leaf bundles_ or _branch bundles_.
leaf bundle
: A _leaf bundle_ is a directory that contains an index.md file and zero or more resources. Analogous to a physical leaf, a leaf bundle is at the end of a branch. It has no descendants.
branch bundle
: A _branch bundle_ is a directory that contains an _index.md file and zero or more resources. Analogous to a physical branch, a branch bundle may have descendants including leaf bundles and other branch bundles. Top level directories with or without _index.md files are also branch bundles. This includes the home page.
{{% note %}}
In the definitions above and the examples below, the extension of the index file depends on the [content format]. For example, use index.md for Markdown content, index.html for HTML content, index.adoc for AsciiDoc content, etc.
[content format]: /getting-started/glossary/#content-format
{{% /note %}}
## Comparison
Page bundle characteristics vary by bundle type.
| | Leaf bundle | Branch bundle |
|---------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
| Index file | index.md | _index.md |
| Example | content/about/index.md | content/posts/_index.md |
| [Page kinds] | `page` | `home`, `section`, `taxonomy`, or `term` |
| Layout type | [single] | [list] |
| Descendant pages | None | Zero or more |
| Resource location | Adjacent to the index file or in a nested subdirectory | Same as a leaf bundles, but excludes descendant bundles |
| [Resource types] | `page`, `image`, `video`, etc. | all but `page` |
Files with [resource type] `page` include content written in Markdown, HTML, AsciiDoc, Pandoc, reStructuredText, and Emacs Org Mode. In a leaf bundle, excluding the index file, these files are only accessible as page resources. In a branch bundle, these files are only accessible as content pages.
## Leaf bundles
A _leaf bundle_ is a directory that contains an index.md file and zero or more resources. Analogous to a physical leaf, a leaf bundle is at the end of a branch. It has no descendants.
```text
content/
├── about
│ └── index.md
├── posts
│ ├── my-post
│ │ ├── content-1.md
│ │ ├── content-2.md
│ │ ├── image-1.jpg
│ │ ├── image-2.png
│ │ └── index.md
│ └── my-other-post
│ └── index.md
└── another-section
├── foo.md
└── not-a-leaf-bundle
├── bar.md
└── another-leaf-bundle
└── index.md
```
There are four leaf bundles in the example above:
about
: This leaf bundle does not contain any page resources.
my-post
: This leaf bundle contains an index file, two resources of [resource type] `page`, and two resources of resource type `image`.
- content-1, content-2
These are resources of resource type `page`, accessible via the [`Resources`] method on the `Page` object. Hugo will not render these as individual pages.
- image-1, image-2
These are resources of resource type `image`, accessible via the `Resources` method on the `Page` object
my-other-post
: This leaf bundle does not contain any page resources.
another-leaf-bundle
: This leaf bundle does not contain any page resources.
{{% note %}}
Create leaf bundles at any depth within the content directory, but a leaf bundle may not contain another bundle. Leaf bundles do not have descendants.
{{% /note %}}
## Branch bundles
A _branch bundle_ is a directory that contains an _index.md file and zero or more resources. Analogous to a physical branch, a branch bundle may have descendants including leaf bundles and other branch bundles. Top level directories with or without _index.md files are also branch bundles. This includes the home page.
```text
content/
├── branch-bundle-1/
│ ├── _index.md
│ ├── content-1.md
│ ├── content-2.md
│ ├── image-1.jpg
│ └── image-2.png
├── branch-bundle-2/
│ ├── a-leaf-bundle/
│ │ └── index.md
│ └── _index.md
└── _index.md
```
There are three branch bundles in the example above:
home page
: This branch bundle contains an index file, two descendant branch bundles, and no resources.
branch-bundle-1
: This branch bundle contains an index file, two resources of [resource type] `page`, and two resources of resource type `image`.
branch-bundle-2
: This branch bundle contains an index file and a leaf bundle.
{{% note %}}
Create branch bundles at any depth within the content directory, but a leaf bundle may not contain another bundle. Leaf bundles do not have descendants.
{{% /note %}}
## Headless bundles
Use [build options] in front matter to create an unpublished leaf or branch bundle whose content and resources you can include in other pages.
[`Resources`]: /methods/page/resources/
[build options]: content-management/build-options/
[list]: /templates/lists/
[page kinds]: /getting-started/glossary/#page-kind
[page resources]: /content-management/page-resources/
[resource type]: /getting-started/glossary/#resource-type
[resource types]: /getting-started/glossary/#resource-type
[single]: /templates/single-page-templates/