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1717 lines
62 KiB
Markdown
1717 lines
62 KiB
Markdown
---
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author: "Michael Henderson"
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lastmod: 2016-09-01
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date: 2015-11-26
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linktitle: Creating a New Theme
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menu:
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main:
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parent: tutorials
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next: /tutorials/github-pages-blog
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prev: /tutorials/automated-deployments
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title: Creating a New Theme
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weight: 10
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---
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## Introduction
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This tutorial will show you how to create a simple theme in Hugo.
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I'll introduce Hugo's use of templates,
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and explain how to organize them into a theme.
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The theme will grow, minimizing effort while meeting evolving needs.
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To promote this focus, and to keep everything simple, I'll omit CSS styling.
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We'll start by creating a tiny, blog-like web site.
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We'll implement this blog with just one — quite basic — template.
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Then we'll add an About page, and a few articles.
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Overall, this web site (along with what you learn here)
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will provide a good basis for you to continue working with Hugo in the future.
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By making small variations,
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you'll be able to create many different kinds of web sites.
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I will assume you're comfortable with HTML, Markdown formatting,
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and the Bash command line (possibly using [Git for
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Windows](https://git-for-windows.github.io/)).
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A few symbols might call for explanation: in this tutorial,
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the commands you'll enter will be preceded by a `$` prompt —
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and their output will follow.
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`vi` means to open your editor; then `:wq` means to save the file.
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Sometimes I'll add comments to explain a point — these start with `#`.
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So, for example:
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```bash
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# this is a comment
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$ echo this is a command
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this is a command
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# edit the file
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$ vi foo.md
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+++
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date = "2040-01-18"
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title = "creating a new theme"
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+++
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Bah! Humbug!
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:wq
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# show it
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$ cat foo.md
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+++
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date = "2040-01-18"
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title = "creating a new theme"
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+++
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Bah! Humbug!
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```
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## Definitions
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Three concepts:
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1. _Non-content_ files;
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1. _Templates_ (as Hugo defines them); and
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1. _Front-matter_
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are essential for creating your first Hugo theme,
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as well as your first Hugo website.
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### Non-Content
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The source files of a web site (destined to be rendered by Hugo)
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are divided into two kinds:
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1. The files containing its textual content (and nothing else —
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except Hugo front-matter: see below, and Markdown styling); and
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1. All other files. (These contain ***no*** textual content — ideally.)
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Temporarily, let's affix the adjective _non-content_
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to the latter kind of source files.
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Non-content files are responsible for your web site's look and feel.
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(Follow these article links from [Bop
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Design](https://www.bopdesign.com/bop-blog/2013/11/what-is-the-look-and-feel-of-a-website-and-why-its-important/)
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and
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[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Look_and_feel&oldid=731052704)
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if you wish for more information.)
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They comprise its images, its CSS (for the sizes, colors and fonts),
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its JavaScript (for the actions and reactions), and its Hugo templates
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(which contain the rules Hugo uses to transform your content into HTML).
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Given these files, Hugo will render a static web site —
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informed by your content —
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which contains the above images, HTML, CSS and JavaScript,
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ready to be served to visitors.
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Actually, a few of your invariant textual snippets
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could reside in non-content files as well.
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However, because someone might reuse your theme (eventually),
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preferably you should keep those textual snippets in their own content files.
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#### Where
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Regarding where to create your non-content files, you have two options.
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The simplest is the `./layouts/` and `./static/` filesystem trees.
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If you choose this way,
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then you needn't worry about configuring Hugo to find them.
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Invariably, these are the first two places Hugo seeks for templates
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(as well as images, CSS and JavaScript);
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so in that case, it's guaranteed to find all your non-content files.
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The second option is to create them in a filesystem tree
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located somewhere under the `./themes/` directory.
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If you choose that way,
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then you must always tell Hugo where to search for them —
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that's extra work, though. So, why bother?
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#### Theme
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Well — the difference between creating your non-content files under
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`./layouts/` and `./static/` and creating them under `./themes/`
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is admittedly very subtle.
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Non-content files created under `./layouts/` and `./static/`
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cannot be customized without editing them directly.
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On the other hand, non-content files created under `./themes/`
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can be customized, in another way. That way is both conventional
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(for Hugo web sites) and non-destructive. Therefore,
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creating your non-content files under `./themes/`
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makes it easier for other people to use them.
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The rest of this tutorial will call a set of non-content files a ***theme***
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if they comprise a filesystem tree rooted anywhere under the
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`./themes/` directory.
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Note that you can use this tutorial to create your set of non-content files
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under `./layouts/` and `./static/` if you wish. The only difference is that
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you wouldn't need to edit your web site's configuration file
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in order to select a theme.
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### Home
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The home page, or landing page,
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is the first page that many visitors to a web site will see.
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Often this is `/index.html`, located at the root URL of the web site.
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Since Hugo writes files into the `./public/` tree,
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your home page will reside in file `./public/index.html`.
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### Configure
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When Hugo runs, it first looks for an overall configuration file,
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in order to read its settings, and applies them to the entire web site.
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These settings override Hugo's default values.
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The file can be in TOML, YAML, or JSON format.
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I prefer TOML for my configuration files.
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If you prefer JSON or YAML, you'll need to translate my examples.
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You'll also need to change the basename, since Hugo uses its extension
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to determine how to process it.
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Hugo translates Markdown files into HTML.
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By default, Hugo searches for Markdown files in the `./content/` tree
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and template files under the `./themes/` directory.
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It will render HTML files to the `./public/` tree.
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You can override any of these defaults by specifying alternative locations
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in the configuration file.
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### Template
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_Templates_ direct Hugo in rendering content into HTML;
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they bridge content and presentation.
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Rules in template files determine which content is published and where,
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and precisely how it will be rendered into HTML files.
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Templates also guide your web site's presentation
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by specifying the CSS styling to use.
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Hugo uses its knowledge of each piece of content
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to seek a template file to use in rendering it.
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If it can't find a template that matches the content, it will zoom out,
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one conceptual level; it will then resume the search from there.
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It will continue to do so, till it finds a matching template,
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or runs out of templates to try.
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Its last resort is your web site's default template,
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which could conceivably be missing. If it finds no suitable template,
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it simply forgoes rendering that piece of content.
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It's important to note that _front-matter_ (see next)
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can influence Hugo's template file selection process.
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### Content
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Content is stored in text files which contain two sections.
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The first is called _front-matter_: this is information about the content.
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The second contains Markdown-formatted text,
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destined for conversion to HTML format.
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#### Front-Matter
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The _front-matter_ is meta-information describing the content.
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Like the web site's configuration file, it can be written in the
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TOML, YAML, or JSON formats.
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Unlike the configuration file, Hugo doesn't use the file's extension
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to determine the format.
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Instead, it looks for markers in the file which signal this.
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TOML is surrounded by "`+++`" and YAML by "`---`", but
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JSON is enclosed in curly braces. I prefer to use TOML.
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You'll need to translate my examples if you prefer YAML or JSON.
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Hugo informs its chosen template files with the front-matter information
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before rendering the content in HTML.
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#### Markdown
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Content is written in Markdown format, which makes it easy to create.
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Hugo runs the content through a Markdown engine to transform it into HTML,
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which it then renders to the output file.
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### Template Kinds
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Here I'll discuss three kinds of Hugo templates:
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_Single_, _List_, and _Partial_.
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All these kinds take one or more pieces of content as input,
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and transform the pieces, based on commands in the template.
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#### Single
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A _Single_ template is used to render one piece of content.
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For example, an article or a post is a single piece of content;
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thus, it uses a Single template.
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#### List
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A _List_ template renders a group of related content items.
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This could be a summary of recent postings,
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or all of the articles in a category.
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List templates can contain multiple groups (or categories).
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The home page template is a special kind of List template.
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This is because Hugo assumes that your home page will act as a portal
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to all of the remaining content on your web site.
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#### Partial
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A _Partial_ template is a template that's incapable of producing a web page,
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by itself. To include a Partial template in your web site,
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another template must call it, using the `partial` command.
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Partial templates are very handy for rolling up common behavior.
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For example, you might want the same banner to appear on all
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of your web site's pages — so, rather than copy your banner's text
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into multiple content files,
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as well as the other information relevant to your banner
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into multiple template files (both Single and List),
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you can instead create just one content file and one Partial template.
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That way, whenever you decide to change the banner, you can do so
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by editing one file only (or maybe two).
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## Site
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Let's let Hugo help you create your new web site.
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The `hugo new site` command will generate a skeleton —
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it will give you a basic directory structure, along with
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a usable configuration file:
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```bash
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$ cd /tmp/
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$ hugo new site mySite
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$ cd mySite/
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$ ls -l
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total 8
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drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} archetypes
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 107 {date} config.toml
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drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} content
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drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} data
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drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} layouts
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drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} static
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drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} themes
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```
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Take a look in the `./content/` and `./themes/` directories to confirm
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they are empty.
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The other directories
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(`./archetypes/`, `./data/`, `./layouts/` and `./static/`)
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are used for customizing a named theme.
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That's a topic for a different tutorial, so please ignore them for now.
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### Render
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Running the `hugo` command with no options will read
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all of the available content and render the HTML files. Also, it will copy
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all the static files (that's everything besides content).
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Since we have an empty web site, Hugo won't be doing much.
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However, generally speaking, Hugo does this very quickly:
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```bash
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$ hugo --verbose
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INFO: {date} {source} Using config file: /tmp/mySite/config.toml
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WARN: {date} {source} No theme set
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INFO: {date} {source} /tmp/mySite/static/ is the only static directory available to sync from
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INFO: {date} {source} syncing static files to /tmp/mySite/public/
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Started building site
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WARN: {date} {source} Unable to locate layout for homepage: [index.html _default/list.html]
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WARN: {date} {source} "/" is rendered empty
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=============================================================
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Your rendered home page is blank: /index.html is zero-length
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* Did you specify a theme on the command-line or in your
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"config.toml" file? (Current theme: "")
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=============================================================
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WARN: {date} {source} Unable to locate layout for 404 page: [404.html]
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WARN: {date} {source} "404.html" is rendered empty
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0 draft content
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0 future content
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0 expired content
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0 pages created
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0 non-page files copied
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0 paginator pages created
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0 tags created
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0 categories created
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in 4 ms
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```
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The "`--verbose`" flag gives extra information that will be helpful
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whenever we are developing a template.
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Every line of the output starting with "INFO:" or "WARN:" is present
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because we used that flag. The lines that start with "WARN:"
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are warning messages. We'll go over them later.
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We can verify that the command worked by looking at the directory again:
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```bash
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$ ls -l
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total 8
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drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} archetypes
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 107 {date} config.toml
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drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} content
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drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} data
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drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} layouts
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drwxr-xr-x 6 {user} {group} 204 {date} public
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drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} static
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drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} themes
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```
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See that new `./public/` directory?
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Hugo placed all its rendered content there.
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When you're ready to publish your web site, that's the place to start.
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For now, though, let's just confirm we have the files we expect
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for a web site with no content:
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```bash
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$ ls -l public/
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total 16
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} 404.html
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} index.html
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 511 {date} index.xml
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 210 {date} sitemap.xml
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```
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Hugo rendered two XML files and some empty HTML files.
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The XML files are used for RSS feeds. Hugo has an opinion about what
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those feeds should contain, so it populated those files.
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Hugo has no opinion on the look or content of your web site,
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so it left those files empty.
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If you look back at the output from the `hugo server` command,
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you'll notice that Hugo said:
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```bash
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0 pages created
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```
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That's because Hugo doesn't count the home page, the 404 error page,
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or the RSS feed files as pages.
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### Serve
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Let's verify you can run the built-in web server —
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that'll shorten your development cycle, dramatically.
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Start it, by running the `hugo server` command.
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If successful, you'll see output similar to the following:
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```bash
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$ hugo server --verbose
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INFO: {date} {source} Using config file: /tmp/mySite/config.toml
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WARN: {date} {source} No theme set
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INFO: {date} {source} /tmp/mySite/static/ is the only static directory available to sync from
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INFO: {date} {source} syncing static files to /
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WARN: {date} {source} Unable to locate layout for homepage: [index.html _default/list.html]
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WARN: {date} {source} "/" is rendered empty
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=============================================================
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Your rendered home page is blank: /index.html is zero-length
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* Did you specify a theme on the command-line or in your
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"config.toml" file? (Current theme: "")
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=============================================================
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WARN: {date} {source} Unable to locate layout for 404 page: [404.html]
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WARN: {date} {source} "404.html" is rendered empty
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0 draft content
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0 future content
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0 expired content
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0 pages created
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0 non-page files copied
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0 paginator pages created
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0 tags created
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0 categories created
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in 3 ms
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Watching for changes in /tmp/mySite/{data,content,layouts,static}
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Serving pages from memory
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Web Server is available at http://localhost:1313/ (bind address 127.0.0.1)
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Press Ctrl+C to stop
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```
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Connect to the listed URL (it's on the line that begins with
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`Web Server is available`). If everything's working correctly,
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you should get a page that shows nothing.
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### Warnings
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Let's go back and look at some of those warnings again:
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```bash
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WARN: {date} {source} Unable to locate layout for 404 page: [404.html]
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WARN: {date} {source} Unable to locate layout for homepage: [index.html _default/list.html]
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```
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The 404 warning is easy to explain — it's because we haven't created
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the template file `layouts/404.html`. Hugo uses this to render an HTML file
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which serves "page not found" errors. However,
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the 404 page is a topic for a separate tutorial.
|
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Regarding the home page warning: the first layout Hugo looked for was
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`layouts/index.html`. Note that Hugo uses this file for the home page only.
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It's good that Hugo lists the files it seeks, when
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we give it the verbose flag. For the home page, these files are
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`layouts/index.html` and `layouts/_default/list.html`.
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Later, we'll cover some rules which explain these paths
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(including their basenames). For now, just remember that
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Hugo couldn't find a template to use for the home page, and it said so.
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All right! So, now — after these few steps — you have a working
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installation, and a web site foundation you can build upon.
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All that's left is to add some content, as well as a theme to display it.
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## Theme
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|
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Hugo doesn't ship with a default theme. However, a large number of themes
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are easily available: for example, at
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[hugoThemes](https://github.com/spf13/hugoThemes).
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Also, Hugo comes with a command to generate them.
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We're going to generate a new theme called Zafta.
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The goal of this tutorial is simply to show you how to create
|
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(in a theme) the minimal files Hugo needs in order to display your content.
|
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Therefore, the theme will exclude CSS —
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it'll be functional, not beautiful.
|
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Every theme has its own opinions on content and layout. For example, this
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Zafta theme prefers the Type "article" over the Types "blog" or "post."
|
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Strong opinions make for simpler templates, but unconventional opinions
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make themes tougher for other users. So when you develop a theme, you should
|
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consider the value of adopting the terms used by themes similar to yours.
|
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### Skeleton
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Let's press Ctrl+C and use the `hugo new theme` command
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to generate the skeleton of a theme. The result is a directory structure
|
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containing empty files for you to fill out:
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```bash
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$ hugo new theme zafta
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$ find themes -type f | xargs ls -l
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 8 {date} themes/zafta/archetypes/default.md
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/404.html
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/_default/list.html
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/_default/single.html
|
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/index.html
|
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/partials/footer.html
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/partials/header.html
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 1081 {date} themes/zafta/LICENSE.md
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-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 450 {date} themes/zafta/theme.toml
|
|
```
|
|
The skeleton includes templates (files ending in `.html`), a license file,
|
|
a description of your theme (`theme.toml`), and a default archetype file.
|
|
|
|
When you're developing a real theme, please remember to fill out files
|
|
`theme.toml` and `LICENSE.md`. They're optional, but if you're going to
|
|
distribute your theme, it tells the world who to praise (or blame).
|
|
It's also important to declare your choice of license, so people will know
|
|
whether (or where) they can use your theme.
|
|
|
|
Note that the skeleton theme's template files are empty. Don't worry;
|
|
we'll change that shortly:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ find themes/zafta -name '*.html' | xargs ls -l
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/404.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/_default/list.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/_default/single.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/partials/footer.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/partials/header.html
|
|
```
|
|
### Select
|
|
|
|
Now that we've created a theme we can work with, it's a good idea
|
|
to add its name to the configuration file. This is optional, because
|
|
it's possible to add "-t zafta" to all your commands.
|
|
I like to put it in the configuration file because I like
|
|
shorter command lines. If you don't put it in the configuration file,
|
|
or specify it on the command line, sometimes you won't get the template
|
|
you're expecting.
|
|
|
|
So, let's edit your configuration file to add the theme name:
|
|
```toml
|
|
$ vi config.toml
|
|
theme = "zafta"
|
|
baseURL = "http://example.org/"
|
|
title = "My New Hugo Site"
|
|
languageCode = "en-us"
|
|
:wq
|
|
```
|
|
### Themed Render
|
|
|
|
Now that we have a theme (albeit empty), let's render the web site again:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ hugo --verbose
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Using config file: /tmp/mySite/config.toml
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} using a UnionFS for static directory comprised of:
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Base: /tmp/mySite/themes/zafta/static
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Overlay: /tmp/mySite/static/
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} syncing static files to /tmp/mySite/public/
|
|
Started building site
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "/" is rendered empty
|
|
=============================================================
|
|
Your rendered home page is blank: /index.html is zero-length
|
|
* Did you specify a theme on the command-line or in your
|
|
"config.toml" file? (Current theme: "zafta")
|
|
=============================================================
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "404.html" is rendered empty
|
|
0 draft content
|
|
0 future content
|
|
0 expired content
|
|
0 pages created
|
|
0 non-page files copied
|
|
0 paginator pages created
|
|
0 tags created
|
|
0 categories created
|
|
in 4 ms
|
|
```
|
|
Did you notice the output is different?
|
|
Two previous warning messages have disappeared, which contained the words
|
|
"Unable to locate layout" for your home page and the 404 page.
|
|
And, a new informational message tells us Hugo is accessing your theme's tree
|
|
(`./themes/zafta/`).
|
|
|
|
Let's check the `./public/` directory to see what Hugo rendered:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ ls -l public/
|
|
total 16
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} 404.html
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} css
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 511 {date} index.xml
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} js
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 210 {date} sitemap.xml
|
|
```
|
|
It's similar to what we had before, without a theme.
|
|
We'd expect so, since all your theme's templates are empty. But notice:
|
|
in `./public/`, Hugo created the `css/` and `js/` directories.
|
|
That's because Hugo found them in your theme's `static/` directory:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ ls -l themes/zafta/static/
|
|
total 0
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} css
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} js
|
|
```
|
|
#### Home
|
|
|
|
In a Hugo web site, each kind of page is informed (primarily) by just one
|
|
of the many different kinds of templates available;
|
|
yet the home page is special, because it gets its own kind of template,
|
|
and its own template file.
|
|
|
|
Hugo uses template file `layouts/index.html` to render the home page's HTML.
|
|
Although Hugo's documentation may state that this file is the home page's
|
|
only required template, Hugo's earlier warning message showed it actually
|
|
looks for two different templates:
|
|
```bash
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} Unable to locate layout for homepage: [index.html _default/list.html]
|
|
```
|
|
#### Empty
|
|
|
|
When Hugo generated your theme, it included an empty home page template.
|
|
Whenever Hugo renders your web site, it seeks that same template and uses it
|
|
to render the HTML for the home page. Currently, the template file is empty,
|
|
so the output HTML file is empty, too. Whenever we add rules to that template,
|
|
Hugo will use them in rendering the home page:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ find * -name index.html | xargs ls -l
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} public/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/index.html
|
|
```
|
|
As we'll see later, Hugo follows this same pattern for all its templates.
|
|
## Static Files
|
|
|
|
Hugo does two things when it renders your web site.
|
|
Besides using templates to transform your content into HTML,
|
|
it also incorporates your static files. Hugo's rule is simple:
|
|
unlike with templates and content, static files aren't transformed.
|
|
Hugo copies them over, exactly as they are.
|
|
|
|
Hugo assumes that your web site will use both CSS and JavaScript,
|
|
so it generates some directories in your theme to hold them.
|
|
Remember opinions? Well, Hugo's opinion is that you'll store your CSS
|
|
in directory `static/css/`, and your JavaScript in directory `static/js/`.
|
|
If you don't like that, you can relocate these directories
|
|
or change their names (as long as they remain in your theme's `static/` tree),
|
|
or delete them completely.
|
|
Hugo is nice enough to offer its opinion; yet it still behaves nicely,
|
|
if you disagree:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ find themes/zafta/* -type d | xargs ls -dl
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 3 {user} {group} 102 {date} themes/zafta/archetypes
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 6 {user} {group} 204 {date} themes/zafta/layouts
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 4 {user} {group} 136 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/_default
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 4 {user} {group} 136 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/partials
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 4 {user} {group} 136 {date} themes/zafta/static
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} themes/zafta/static/css
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} themes/zafta/static/js
|
|
```
|
|
## Theme Development
|
|
|
|
Generally (using any kind of software), working on a theme means
|
|
changing your files, serving your web site again, and then verifying
|
|
the resulting improvements in your browser.
|
|
With Hugo, this way of working is quite easy:
|
|
|
|
- First purge the `./public/` tree. (This is optional but useful,
|
|
if you want to start with a clean slate.)
|
|
- Run the built-in Hugo web server.
|
|
- Open your web site in a browser — and then:
|
|
|
|
1. Edit your theme;
|
|
1. Glance at your browser window to see your changes; and
|
|
1. Repeat.
|
|
|
|
I'll throw in one more opinion: ***never*** directly edit a theme on a live
|
|
web site. Instead, always develop ***using a copy***. First, make some changes
|
|
to your theme and test them. Afterwards, **when you've got them working,**
|
|
copy them to your web site. For added safety, use a tool like Git to keep
|
|
some revision history of your content, and of your theme. Believe me:
|
|
it's too easy to lose your changes, and your mind!
|
|
|
|
Check out the main Hugo web site for information about using Git with Hugo.
|
|
### Purge
|
|
|
|
When rendering your web site, Hugo will create new files in the `./public/`
|
|
tree and update existing ones. But it won't delete files that are
|
|
no longer used. For example, files previously rendered with
|
|
(what is now) the wrong basename, or in the wrong directory, will remain.
|
|
Later, if you leave them, they'll likely confuse you.
|
|
Cleaning out your `./public/` files prior to rendering can help.
|
|
|
|
When Hugo is running in web server mode (as of version 0.15),
|
|
it doesn't actually write the files. Instead,
|
|
it keeps all the rendered files in memory. So, you can "clean" up
|
|
your files simply by stopping and restarting the web server.
|
|
### Serve
|
|
#### Watch
|
|
|
|
Hugo's watch functionality monitors the relevant content, theme and
|
|
(overriding) site trees for filesystem changes,
|
|
and renders your web site again automatically, when changes are detected.
|
|
|
|
By default, watch is
|
|
enabled when in web server mode (`hugo server`),
|
|
but disabled for the web site renderer (`hugo`).
|
|
|
|
In some use cases,
|
|
Hugo's web site renderer should continue running and watch — simply
|
|
type `hugo --watch` on the command line.
|
|
|
|
Sometimes with Docker containers (and Heroku slugs),
|
|
the site sources may live on a read-only filesystem.
|
|
In that scenario, it makes no sense
|
|
for Hugo's web server to watch for file changes — so
|
|
use `hugo server --watch=false`.
|
|
#### Reload
|
|
|
|
Hugo's built in web server includes
|
|
[LiveReload](/extras/livereload/) functionality. When any page is updated
|
|
in the filesystem, the web browser is told to refresh its currently-open tabs
|
|
from your web site. Usually, this happens faster than you can say,
|
|
"Wow, that's totally amazing!"
|
|
### Workflow
|
|
|
|
Again,
|
|
I recommend you use the following commands as the basis for your workflow:
|
|
```bash
|
|
# purge old files. Hugo will recreate the public directory
|
|
$ rm -rf public/
|
|
|
|
# run Hugo in watch mode with LiveReload;
|
|
# when you're done, stop the web server
|
|
$ hugo server --verbose
|
|
Press Ctrl+C to stop
|
|
```
|
|
Below is some sample output showing Hugo detecting a change in the home page
|
|
template. (Actually, the change is the edit we're about to do.) Once it's
|
|
rendered again, the web browser automatically reloads the page.
|
|
|
|
(As I said above — it's amazing:)
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ rm -rf public/
|
|
|
|
$ hugo server --verbose
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Using config file: /tmp/mySite/config.toml
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} using a UnionFS for static directory comprised of:
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Base: /tmp/mySite/themes/zafta/static
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Overlay: /tmp/mySite/static/
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} syncing static files to /
|
|
Started building site
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "/" is rendered empty
|
|
=============================================================
|
|
Your rendered home page is blank: /index.html is zero-length
|
|
* Did you specify a theme on the command-line or in your
|
|
"config.toml" file? (Current theme: "")
|
|
=============================================================
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "404.html" is rendered empty
|
|
0 draft content
|
|
0 future content
|
|
0 expired content
|
|
0 pages created
|
|
0 non-page files copied
|
|
0 paginator pages created
|
|
0 tags created
|
|
0 categories created
|
|
in 4 ms
|
|
Watching for changes in /tmp/mySite/{data,content,layouts,static,themes}
|
|
Serving pages from memory
|
|
Web Server is available at http://localhost:1313/ (bind address 127.0.0.1)
|
|
Press Ctrl+C to stop
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Received System Events: ["/tmp/mySite/themes/zafta/layouts/index.html": WRITE]
|
|
|
|
Change detected, rebuilding site
|
|
{date}
|
|
Template changed /tmp/mySite/themes/zafta/layouts/index.html
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "404.html" is rendered empty
|
|
0 draft content
|
|
0 future content
|
|
0 expired content
|
|
0 pages created
|
|
0 non-page files copied
|
|
0 paginator pages created
|
|
0 tags created
|
|
0 categories created
|
|
in 3 ms
|
|
```
|
|
## Home Template
|
|
|
|
The home page is one of the few special pages Hugo renders automatically.
|
|
As mentioned earlier, it looks in your theme's `layouts/` tree for one
|
|
of two files:
|
|
|
|
1. `index.html`
|
|
1. `_default/list.html`
|
|
|
|
We could edit the default template, but a good design principle is to edit
|
|
the most specific template available. That's not a hard-and-fast rule
|
|
(in fact, in this tutorial, we'll break it a few times),
|
|
but it's a good generalization.
|
|
### Static
|
|
|
|
Right now, your home page is empty because you've added no content,
|
|
and because its template includes no logic. Let's change that by adding
|
|
some text to your home page template (`layouts/index.html`):
|
|
```html
|
|
$ vi themes/zafta/layouts/index.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<p>Hugo says hello!</p>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
:wq
|
|
```
|
|
Let's press Ctrl+C and render the web site, and then verify the results:
|
|
```html
|
|
$ rm -rf public/
|
|
|
|
$ hugo --verbose
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Using config file: /tmp/mySite/config.toml
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} using a UnionFS for static directory comprised of:
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Base: /tmp/mySite/themes/zafta/static
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Overlay: /tmp/mySite/static/
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} syncing static files to /tmp/mySite/public/
|
|
Started building site
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "404.html" is rendered empty
|
|
0 draft content
|
|
0 future content
|
|
0 expired content
|
|
0 pages created
|
|
0 non-page files copied
|
|
0 paginator pages created
|
|
0 tags created
|
|
0 categories created
|
|
in 4 ms
|
|
|
|
$ ls -l public/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 72 {date} public/index.html
|
|
|
|
$ cat public/index.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<p>Hugo says hello!</p>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
```
|
|
### Dynamic
|
|
|
|
A ***dynamic*** home page? Because Hugo is a _static web site_ generator,
|
|
the word _dynamic_ seems odd, doesn't it? But this means arranging for your
|
|
home page to reflect the content in your web site automatically,
|
|
each time Hugo renders it.
|
|
|
|
To accomplish that, later we'll add an iterator to your home page template.
|
|
## Article
|
|
|
|
Now that Hugo is successfully rendering your home page with static content,
|
|
let's add more pages to your web site. We'll display some new articles
|
|
as a list on your home page; and we'll display each article
|
|
on its own page, too.
|
|
|
|
Hugo has a command to generate an entry skeleton for new content,
|
|
just as it does for web sites and themes:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ hugo --verbose new article/First.md
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Using config file: /tmp/mySite/config.toml
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} attempting to create article/First.md of article
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} curpath: /tmp/mySite/themes/zafta/archetypes/default.md
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} creating /tmp/mySite/content/article/First.md
|
|
/tmp/mySite/content/article/First.md created
|
|
|
|
$ ls -l content/article/
|
|
total 8
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 61 {date} First.md
|
|
```
|
|
Let's generate a second article, while we're here:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ hugo --verbose new article/Second.md
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Using config file: /tmp/mySite/config.toml
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} attempting to create article/Second.md of article
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} curpath: /tmp/mySite/themes/zafta/archetypes/default.md
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} creating /tmp/mySite/content/article/Second.md
|
|
/tmp/mySite/content/article/Second.md created
|
|
|
|
$ ls -l content/article/
|
|
total 16
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 61 {date} First.md
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 62 {date} Second.md
|
|
```
|
|
Let's edit both those articles. Be careful to preserve their front-matter,
|
|
but append some text to their bodies, as follows:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ vi content/article/First.md
|
|
In vel ligula tortor. Aliquam erat volutpat.
|
|
Pellentesque at felis eu quam tincidunt dignissim.
|
|
Nulla facilisi.
|
|
|
|
Pellentesque tempus nisi et interdum convallis.
|
|
In quam ante, vulputate at massa et, rutrum
|
|
gravida dui. Phasellus tristique libero at ex.
|
|
:wq
|
|
|
|
$ vi content/article/Second.md
|
|
Fusce lacus magna, maximus nec sapien eu,
|
|
porta efficitur neque. Aliquam erat volutpat.
|
|
Vestibulum enim nibh, posuere eu diam nec,
|
|
varius sagittis turpis.
|
|
|
|
Praesent quis sapien egestas mauris accumsan
|
|
pulvinar. Ut mattis gravida venenatis. Vivamus
|
|
lobortis risus id nisi rutrum, at iaculis.
|
|
:wq
|
|
```
|
|
So, for example, `./content/article/Second.md` becomes:
|
|
```toml
|
|
$ cat content/article/Second.md
|
|
+++
|
|
date = "2040-01-18T21:08:08-06:00"
|
|
title = "Second"
|
|
|
|
+++
|
|
Fusce lacus magna, maximus nec sapien eu,
|
|
porta efficitur neque. Aliquam erat volutpat.
|
|
Vestibulum enim nibh, posuere eu diam nec,
|
|
varius sagittis turpis.
|
|
|
|
Praesent quis sapien egestas mauris accumsan
|
|
pulvinar. Ut mattis gravida venenatis. Vivamus
|
|
lobortis risus id nisi rutrum, at iaculis.
|
|
```
|
|
Let's render the web site, and then verify the results:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ rm -rf public/
|
|
|
|
$ hugo --verbose
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Using config file: /tmp/mySite/config.toml
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} using a UnionFS for static directory comprised of:
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Base: /tmp/mySite/themes/zafta/static
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Overlay: /tmp/mySite/static/
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} syncing static files to /tmp/mySite/public/
|
|
Started building site
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} found taxonomies: map[string]string{"tag":"tags", "category":"categories"}
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "article" is rendered empty
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "article/Second.html" is rendered empty
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "article/First.html" is rendered empty
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "404.html" is rendered empty
|
|
0 draft content
|
|
0 future content
|
|
0 expired content
|
|
2 pages created
|
|
0 non-page files copied
|
|
0 paginator pages created
|
|
0 tags created
|
|
0 categories created
|
|
in 7 ms
|
|
```
|
|
The output says Hugo rendered ("created") two pages.
|
|
Those pages are your new articles:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ find public -type f -name '*.html' | xargs ls -l
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} public/404.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} public/article/First/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} public/article/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} public/article/Second/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 72 {date} public/index.html
|
|
```
|
|
The new pages are empty, because Hugo rendered their HTML from empty
|
|
template files. The home page doesn't show us the new content, either:
|
|
```html
|
|
$ cat public/index.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<p>Hugo says hello!</p>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
```
|
|
So, we have to edit the templates, in order to pick up the articles.
|
|
### Single & List
|
|
|
|
Here again I'll discuss three kinds of Hugo templates. One kind is
|
|
the home page template we edited previously; it's applicable only to
|
|
the home page. Another kind is Single templates, which render output for
|
|
just one content file. The third kind are List templates, which group
|
|
multiple pieces of content before rendering output.
|
|
|
|
It's important to note that, generally, List templates
|
|
(except the home page template) are named `list.html`;
|
|
and Single templates are named `single.html`.
|
|
|
|
Hugo also has three other kinds of templates:
|
|
Partials, _Content Views_, and _Terms_.
|
|
We'll give examples of some Partial templates; but otherwise,
|
|
we won't go into much detail about these.
|
|
### Home
|
|
|
|
You'll want your home page to list the articles you just created.
|
|
So, let's alter its template file (`layouts/index.html`) to show them.
|
|
Hugo runs each template's logic whenever it renders that template's web page
|
|
(of course):
|
|
```html
|
|
$ vi themes/zafta/layouts/index.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<body>
|
|
{{- range first 10 .Data.Pages }}
|
|
<h4><a href="{{ .Permalink }}">{{ .Title }}</a></h4>
|
|
{{- end }}
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
:wq
|
|
```
|
|
#### Engine
|
|
|
|
Hugo uses the [Go language's template
|
|
engine](https://gohugo.io/templates/go-templates/).
|
|
That engine scans your template files for commands enclosed between
|
|
"{{" and "}}" (these are doubled, curly braces — affectionately
|
|
known as "mustaches").
|
|
|
|
BTW, a hyphen, if placed immediately after an opening mustache, or
|
|
immediately before a closing one, will prevent extraneous newlines.
|
|
(This can make Hugo's output look better, when viewed as text.)
|
|
|
|
So, the mustache commands in your newly-altered template are:
|
|
|
|
1. `range ...`
|
|
1. `.Permalink`
|
|
1. `.Title`
|
|
1. `end`
|
|
|
|
The `range` command is an iterator. We're using it to go through the latest
|
|
ten pages. (Hugo characterizes some of its HTML output files as "pages,"
|
|
but not all — see above.)
|
|
|
|
Looping through the list of data pages will consider each such HTML file
|
|
that Hugo renders (or rather — to speak more precisely — each
|
|
such HTML file that Hugo currently calculates it _will_ render).
|
|
|
|
It's helpful to remember that Hugo sets some variables, such as `.Data`, quite
|
|
early in its overall processing. Hugo loads information from every content
|
|
file into that variable, and gives all the templates a chance to process that
|
|
variable's contents, before actually rendering any HTML output files.
|
|
|
|
`.Permalink` supplies the URL which links to that article's page, and
|
|
`.Title` supplies the value of its "title" variable. Hugo obtains this
|
|
from the front-matter in the article's Markdown file.
|
|
|
|
Automatically, the pages are considered in descending order of the generation
|
|
times of their Markdown files (actually, based on the value of the "date"
|
|
variable in their front-matter) so that the latest is first (naturally).
|
|
|
|
The `end` command signals the end of the range iterator. The engine
|
|
loops back to the top of the iterator, whenever it finds `end.`
|
|
Everything between `range` and `end` is reevaluated,
|
|
each time the engine goes through the iterator.
|
|
|
|
For the present template, this means that the titles of your latest
|
|
ten pages (or however many exist, if that's less) become the
|
|
[textContent](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Node/textContent)
|
|
of an equivalent number of copies Hugo makes, of your level-four
|
|
subheading tags (and anchor tags). `.Permalink` enables these to link
|
|
to the actual articles.
|
|
|
|
Let's render your web site, and then verify the results:
|
|
```html
|
|
$ rm -rf public/
|
|
|
|
$ hugo --verbose
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Using config file: /tmp/mySite/config.toml
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} using a UnionFS for static directory comprised of:
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Base: /tmp/mySite/themes/zafta/static
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Overlay: /tmp/mySite/static/
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} syncing static files to /tmp/mySite/public/
|
|
Started building site
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} found taxonomies: map[string]string{"tag":"tags", "category":"categories"}
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "article" is rendered empty
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "article/Second.html" is rendered empty
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "article/First.html" is rendered empty
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "404.html" is rendered empty
|
|
0 draft content
|
|
0 future content
|
|
0 expired content
|
|
2 pages created
|
|
0 non-page files copied
|
|
0 paginator pages created
|
|
0 tags created
|
|
0 categories created
|
|
in 7 ms
|
|
|
|
$ find public -type f -name '*.html' | xargs ls -l
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} public/404.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} public/article/First/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} public/article/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} public/article/Second/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 232 {date} public/index.html
|
|
|
|
$ cat public/index.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<h4><a href="http://example.org/article/Second/">Second</a></h4>
|
|
<h4><a href="http://example.org/article/First/">First</a></h4>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
```
|
|
### All Done
|
|
|
|
Congratulations! Your home page shows the titles of your two articles, along
|
|
with the links to them. The articles themselves are still empty. But,
|
|
let's take a moment to appreciate what we've done, so far!
|
|
|
|
Your home page template (`layouts/index.html`) now renders output dynamically.
|
|
Believe it or not, by inserting the range command inside those doubled
|
|
curly braces, you've learned everything you need to know —
|
|
essentially — about developing a theme.
|
|
|
|
All that's left is understanding which of your templates renders each content
|
|
file, and becoming more familiar with the commands for the template engine.
|
|
## More
|
|
|
|
Well — if things were so simple, this tutorial would be much shorter!
|
|
|
|
Some things are still useful to learn, because they'll make creating new
|
|
templates _much_ easier — so, I'll cover them, now.
|
|
### Base URL
|
|
|
|
While developing and testing your theme, did you notice that the links in the
|
|
rendered `./public/index.html` file use the full "baseURL" from your
|
|
`./config.toml` file? That's because those files are intended to be deployed
|
|
to your web server.
|
|
|
|
Whenever you test your theme, you start Hugo in web server mode
|
|
(with `hugo server`) and connect to it with your web browser.
|
|
That command is smart enough to replace the "baseURL" with
|
|
`http://localhost:1313` on the fly, so that the links automatically
|
|
work for you.
|
|
|
|
That's another reason why we recommend testing with the built-in web server.
|
|
### Content
|
|
|
|
The articles you've been working with are in your `./content/article/`
|
|
directory. That means their _Section_ (as far as templates are concerned)
|
|
is "article". Unless we do something unusual in their front-matter, their
|
|
_Type_ is also "article".
|
|
#### Search
|
|
|
|
Hugo uses the Section and Type to find a template file for every piece of
|
|
content it renders. Hugo first will seek a template file in subdirectories of
|
|
`layouts/` that match its Section or Type name (i.e., in `layouts/SECTION/`
|
|
or `layouts/TYPE/`). If it can't find a file there, then it will look in the
|
|
`layouts/_default/` directory. Other documentation covers some twists about
|
|
categories and tags, but we won't use those in this tutorial. Therefore,
|
|
we can assume that Hugo will try first `layouts/article/single.html`, then
|
|
`layouts/_default/single.html`.
|
|
|
|
Now that we know the search rule, let's see what's available:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ find themes/zafta -name single.html | xargs ls -l
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/_default/single.html
|
|
```
|
|
If you look back at the articles Hugo has rendered, you can see that
|
|
they were empty. Now we can see that this is because Hugo sought
|
|
`layouts/article/single.html` but couldn't find it, and template
|
|
`layouts/_default/single.html` was empty. Therefore, the rendered article
|
|
file was empty, too.
|
|
|
|
So, we could either create a new template, `layouts/article/single.html`,
|
|
or edit the default one.
|
|
#### Default Single
|
|
|
|
Since we know of no other content Types, let's start by editing the default
|
|
template file, `layouts/_default/single.html`.
|
|
|
|
As we mentioned earlier, you always should edit (or create) the most
|
|
specific template first, in order to avoid accidentally changing how other
|
|
content is displayed. However, we're breaking that rule intentionally,
|
|
just so we can explore how the default is used.
|
|
|
|
Remember, any content — for which we don't create a specific template
|
|
— will end up using this default template. That can be good or bad.
|
|
Bad, because I know we'll be adding different Types of content, and we'll
|
|
eventually undo some of the changes we've made. Good, because then we'll be
|
|
able to see some results immediately. It's also good to create the default
|
|
template first, because with it, we can start to develop the basic layout
|
|
for the web site.
|
|
|
|
As we add more content Types, we'll refactor this file and move its logic
|
|
around. Hugo makes this fairly painless, so we'll accept the cost and proceed.
|
|
|
|
Please see Hugo's documentation on template rendering, for all the details on
|
|
determining which template to use. And, as the documentation mentions, if
|
|
your web site is a single-page application (SPA), you can delete all the
|
|
other templates and work with just the default Single one. By itself,
|
|
that fact provides a refreshing amount of joy.
|
|
|
|
Let's edit the default template file (`layouts/_default/single.html`):
|
|
```html
|
|
$ vi themes/zafta/layouts/_default/single.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<head>
|
|
<title>{{ .Title }}</title>
|
|
</head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<h1>{{ .Title }}</h1>
|
|
<h6>{{ .Date.Format "Mon, Jan 2, 2006" }}</h6>
|
|
{{ .Content }}
|
|
<h4><a href="{{ .Site.BaseURL }}">Home</a></h4>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
:wq
|
|
```
|
|
#### Verify
|
|
|
|
Let's render the web site, and verify the results:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ rm -rf public/
|
|
|
|
$ hugo --verbose
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Using config file: /tmp/mySite/config.toml
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} using a UnionFS for static directory comprised of:
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Base: /tmp/mySite/themes/zafta/static
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Overlay: /tmp/mySite/static/
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} syncing static files to /tmp/mySite/public/
|
|
Started building site
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} found taxonomies: map[string]string{"tag":"tags", "category":"categories"}
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "article" is rendered empty
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "404.html" is rendered empty
|
|
0 draft content
|
|
0 future content
|
|
0 expired content
|
|
2 pages created
|
|
0 non-page files copied
|
|
0 paginator pages created
|
|
0 tags created
|
|
0 categories created
|
|
in 7 ms
|
|
|
|
$ find public -type f -name '*.html' | xargs ls -l
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} public/404.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 473 {date} public/article/First/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} public/article/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 514 {date} public/article/Second/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 232 {date} public/index.html
|
|
```
|
|
Note that although Hugo rendered a file, to list your articles:
|
|
`./public/article/index.html`, the file is empty, because we don't have
|
|
a template for it. (However: see next.) The other HTML files contain your
|
|
content, as we can see below:
|
|
```html
|
|
$ cat public/article/First/index.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<head>
|
|
<title>First</title>
|
|
</head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<h1>First</h1>
|
|
<h6>Wed, Jan 18, 2040</h6>
|
|
<p>In vel ligula tortor. Aliquam erat volutpat.
|
|
Pellentesque at felis eu quam tincidunt dignissim.
|
|
Nulla facilisi.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Pellentesque tempus nisi et interdum convallis.
|
|
In quam ante, vulputate at massa et, rutrum
|
|
gravida dui. Phasellus tristique libero at ex.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a href="http://example.org/">Home</a></h4>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
|
|
$ cat public/article/Second/index.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<head>
|
|
<title>Second</title>
|
|
</head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<h1>Second</h1>
|
|
<h6>Wed, Jan 18, 2040</h6>
|
|
<p>Fusce lacus magna, maximus nec sapien eu,
|
|
porta efficitur neque. Aliquam erat volutpat.
|
|
Vestibulum enim nibh, posuere eu diam nec,
|
|
varius sagittis turpis.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Praesent quis sapien egestas mauris accumsan
|
|
pulvinar. Ut mattis gravida venenatis. Vivamus
|
|
lobortis risus id nisi rutrum, at iaculis.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a href="http://example.org/">Home</a></h4>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
```
|
|
Again, notice that your rendered article files have content.
|
|
You can run `hugo server` and use your browser to confirm this.
|
|
You should see your home page, and it should contain the titles of both
|
|
articles. Each title should be a link to its respective article.
|
|
|
|
Each article should be displayed fully on its own page. And at the bottom of
|
|
each article, you should see a link which takes you back to your home page.
|
|
### Article List
|
|
|
|
Your home page still lists your most recent articles. However —
|
|
remember, from above, that I mentioned an empty file,
|
|
`./public/article/index.html`?
|
|
Let's make that show a list of ***all*** of your articles
|
|
(not just the latest ten).
|
|
|
|
We need to decide which template to edit. Key to this, is that
|
|
individual pages always come from Single templates. On the other hand,
|
|
only List templates are capable of rendering pages which display collections
|
|
(or lists) of other pages.
|
|
|
|
Because the new page will show a listing, we should select a List template.
|
|
Let's take a quick look to see which List templates are available already:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ find themes/zafta -name list.html | xargs ls -l
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} themes/zafta/layouts/_default/list.html
|
|
```
|
|
So, just as before with the single articles, so again now with the list of
|
|
articles, we must decide: whether to edit `layouts/_default/list.html`,
|
|
or to create `layouts/article/list.html`.
|
|
#### Default List
|
|
|
|
We still don't have multiple content Types — so, remaining consistent,
|
|
let's edit the default List template:
|
|
```html
|
|
$ vi themes/zafta/layouts/_default/list.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<h1>Articles</h1>
|
|
{{- range first 10 .Data.Pages }}
|
|
<h4><a href="{{ .Permalink }}">{{ .Title }}</a></h4>
|
|
{{- end }}
|
|
<h4><a href="{{ .Site.BaseURL }}">Home</a></h4>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
:wq
|
|
```
|
|
Let's render everything again:
|
|
```bash
|
|
$ rm -rf public/
|
|
|
|
$ hugo --verbose
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Using config file: /tmp/mySite/config.toml
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} using a UnionFS for static directory comprised of:
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Base: /tmp/mySite/themes/zafta/static
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Overlay: /tmp/mySite/static/
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} syncing static files to /tmp/mySite/public/
|
|
Started building site
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} found taxonomies: map[string]string{"tag":"tags", "category":"categories"}
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "404.html" is rendered empty
|
|
0 draft content
|
|
0 future content
|
|
0 expired content
|
|
2 pages created
|
|
0 non-page files copied
|
|
0 paginator pages created
|
|
0 categories created
|
|
0 tags created
|
|
in 7 ms
|
|
|
|
$ find public -type f -name '*.html' | xargs ls -l
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} public/404.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 473 {date} public/article/First/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 327 {date} public/article/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 514 {date} public/article/Second/index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 232 {date} public/index.html
|
|
```
|
|
Now (as you can see), we have a list of articles. To confirm it,
|
|
type `hugo server`; then, in your browser, navigate to `/article/`.
|
|
(Later, we'll link to it.)
|
|
## About
|
|
|
|
Let's add an About page, and try to display it at the top level
|
|
(as opposed to the next level down, where we placed your articles).
|
|
### Guide
|
|
|
|
Hugo's default goal is to let the directory structure of the `./content/`
|
|
tree guide the location of the HTML it renders to the `./public/` tree.
|
|
Let's check this, by generating an About page at the content's top level:
|
|
```toml
|
|
$ hugo new About.md
|
|
/tmp/mySite/content/About.md created
|
|
|
|
$ ls -l content/
|
|
total 8
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 61 {date} About.md
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 4 {user} {group} 136 {date} article
|
|
|
|
$ vi content/About.md
|
|
+++
|
|
date = "2040-01-18T22:01:00-06:00"
|
|
title = "About"
|
|
|
|
+++
|
|
Neque porro quisquam est qui dolorem
|
|
ipsum quia dolor sit amet consectetur
|
|
adipisci velit.
|
|
:wq
|
|
```
|
|
### Check
|
|
|
|
Let's render your web site, and check the results:
|
|
```html
|
|
$ rm -rf public/
|
|
|
|
$ hugo --verbose
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Using config file: /tmp/mySite/config.toml
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} using a UnionFS for static directory comprised of:
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Base: /tmp/mySite/themes/zafta/static
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Overlay: /tmp/mySite/static/
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} syncing static files to /tmp/mySite/public/
|
|
Started building site
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} found taxonomies: map[string]string{"tag":"tags", "category":"categories"}
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "404.html" is rendered empty
|
|
0 draft content
|
|
0 future content
|
|
0 expired content
|
|
3 pages created
|
|
0 non-page files copied
|
|
0 paginator pages created
|
|
0 tags created
|
|
0 categories created
|
|
in 9 ms
|
|
|
|
$ ls -l public/
|
|
total 24
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 0 {date} 404.html
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 3 {user} {group} 102 {date} About
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 6 {user} {group} 204 {date} article
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} css
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 316 {date} index.html
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 2221 {date} index.xml
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 {user} {group} 68 {date} js
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 681 {date} sitemap.xml
|
|
|
|
$ ls -l public/About/
|
|
total 8
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 {user} {group} 305 {date} index.html
|
|
|
|
$ cat public/About/index.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<head>
|
|
<title>About</title>
|
|
</head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<h1>About</h1>
|
|
<h6>Wed, Jan 18, 2040</h6>
|
|
<p>Neque porro quisquam est qui dolorem
|
|
ipsum quia dolor sit amet consectetur
|
|
adipisci velit.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a href="http://example.org/">Home</a></h4>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
```
|
|
Oh, well. — Did you notice that your page wasn't rendered at the
|
|
top level? It was rendered to a subdirectory named `./public/About/`.
|
|
That name came from the basename of your Markdown file `./content/About.md`.
|
|
Interesting — but, we'll let that go, for now.
|
|
### Home
|
|
|
|
One other thing — let's take a look at your home page:
|
|
```html
|
|
$ cat public/index.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<h4><a href="http://example.org/About/">About</a></h4>
|
|
<h4><a href="http://example.org/article/Second/">Second</a></h4>
|
|
<h4><a href="http://example.org/article/First/">First</a></h4>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
```
|
|
Did you notice that the About link is listed with your articles?
|
|
That's not exactly where we want it; so, let's edit your home page template
|
|
(`layouts/index.html`):
|
|
```html
|
|
$ vi themes/zafta/layouts/index.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<h2>Articles</h2>
|
|
{{- range first 10 .Data.Pages -}}
|
|
{{- if eq .Type "article"}}
|
|
<h4><a href="{{ .Permalink }}">{{ .Title }}</a></h4>
|
|
{{- end -}}
|
|
{{- end }}
|
|
<h2>Pages</h2>
|
|
{{- range first 10 .Data.Pages -}}
|
|
{{- if eq .Type "page" }}
|
|
<h4><a href="{{ .Permalink }}">{{ .Title }}</a></h4>
|
|
{{- end -}}
|
|
{{- end }}
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
:wq
|
|
```
|
|
Let's render your web site, and verify the results:
|
|
```html
|
|
$ rm -rf public/
|
|
|
|
$ hugo --verbose
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Using config file: /tmp/mySite/config.toml
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} using a UnionFS for static directory comprised of:
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Base: /tmp/mySite/themes/zafta/static
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Overlay: /tmp/mySite/static/
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} syncing static files to /tmp/mySite/public/
|
|
Started building site
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} found taxonomies: map[string]string{"tag":"tags", "category":"categories"}
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "404.html" is rendered empty
|
|
0 draft content
|
|
0 future content
|
|
0 expired content
|
|
3 pages created
|
|
0 non-page files copied
|
|
0 paginator pages created
|
|
0 tags created
|
|
0 categories created
|
|
in 9 ms
|
|
|
|
$ cat public/index.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<h2>Articles</h2>
|
|
<h4><a href="http://example.org/article/Second/">Second</a></h4>
|
|
<h4><a href="http://example.org/article/First/">First</a></h4>
|
|
<h2>Pages</h2>
|
|
<h4><a href="http://example.org/About/">About</a></h4>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
```
|
|
Good! This time, your home page has two Sections: "article" and "page", and
|
|
each Section contains the correct set of headings and links.
|
|
## Template Sharing
|
|
|
|
If you've been following along on your computer, you might've noticed that
|
|
your home page doesn't show its title in your browser, although both of your
|
|
article pages do. That's because we didn't add your home page's title to its
|
|
template (`layouts/index.html`). That would be easy to do — but instead,
|
|
let's look at a better option.
|
|
|
|
We can put the common information into a shared template.
|
|
These reside in the `layouts/partials/` directory.
|
|
### Header & Footer
|
|
|
|
In Hugo (as elsewhere), a Partial is a template that's intended to be used
|
|
within other templates. We're going to create a Partial template that will
|
|
contain a header, for all of your page templates to use. That Partial will
|
|
enable us to maintain the header information in a single place, thus easing
|
|
our maintenance. Let's create both the header (`layouts/partials/header.html`)
|
|
and the footer (`layouts/partials/footer.html`):
|
|
```html
|
|
$ vi themes/zafta/layouts/partials/header.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<head>
|
|
<title>{{ .Title }}</title>
|
|
</head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
:wq
|
|
|
|
$ vi themes/zafta/layouts/partials/footer.html
|
|
<h4><a href="{{ .Site.BaseURL }}">Home</a></h4>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
:wq
|
|
```
|
|
### Calling
|
|
|
|
Any `partial` is called relative to its conventional location
|
|
`layouts/partials/`. So, you pass just the basename, followed by the context
|
|
(the period before the closing mustache). For example:
|
|
```bash
|
|
{{ partial "header.html" . }}
|
|
```
|
|
#### From Home
|
|
|
|
Let's change your home page template (`layouts/index.html`)
|
|
in order to use the new header Partial we just created:
|
|
```html
|
|
$ vi themes/zafta/layouts/index.html
|
|
{{ partial "header.html" . }}
|
|
<h2>Articles</h2>
|
|
{{- range first 10 .Data.Pages -}}
|
|
{{- if eq .Type "article"}}
|
|
<h4><a href="{{ .Permalink }}">{{ .Title }}</a></h4>
|
|
{{- end -}}
|
|
{{- end }}
|
|
<h2>Pages</h2>
|
|
{{- range first 10 .Data.Pages -}}
|
|
{{- if eq .Type "page" }}
|
|
<h4><a href="{{ .Permalink }}">{{ .Title }}</a></h4>
|
|
{{- end -}}
|
|
{{- end }}
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
:wq
|
|
```
|
|
Render your web site and verify the results. Now, the title on your home page
|
|
should be "My New Hugo Site". This comes from the "title" variable
|
|
in the `./config.toml` file.
|
|
#### From Default
|
|
|
|
Let's also edit the default templates (`layouts/_default/single.html` and
|
|
`layouts/_default/list.html`) to use your new Partials:
|
|
```html
|
|
$ vi themes/zafta/layouts/_default/single.html
|
|
{{ partial "header.html" . }}
|
|
<h1>{{ .Title }}</h1>
|
|
<h6>{{ .Date.Format "Mon, Jan 2, 2006" }}</h6>
|
|
{{ .Content }}
|
|
{{ partial "footer.html" . -}}
|
|
:wq
|
|
|
|
$ vi themes/zafta/layouts/_default/list.html
|
|
{{ partial "header.html" . -}}
|
|
<h1>Articles</h1>
|
|
{{- range first 10 .Data.Pages }}
|
|
<h4><a href="{{ .Permalink }}">{{ .Title }}</a></h4>
|
|
{{- end }}
|
|
{{ partial "footer.html" . -}}
|
|
:wq
|
|
```
|
|
Render your web site and verify the results.
|
|
Now, the title of your About page should reflect the value of the "title"
|
|
variable in its corresponding Markdown file (`./content/About.md`).
|
|
The same should be true for each of your article pages as well (i.e.,
|
|
`./content/article/First.md` and `./content/article/Second.md`).
|
|
### DRY
|
|
|
|
Don't Repeat Yourself (also known as DRY) is a desirable goal,
|
|
in any kind of source code development —
|
|
and Hugo's partials do a fine job to help with that.
|
|
|
|
Part of the art of good templates is knowing when to add new ones, and when
|
|
to edit existing ones. While you're still figuring out the art of templates,
|
|
you should accept that you'll do some refactoring — Hugo makes this
|
|
easy and fast. And it's okay to delay splitting your templates into Partials.
|
|
## Section
|
|
### Date
|
|
|
|
Articles commonly display the date they were published
|
|
(or finalized) — so, here, let's do the same.
|
|
|
|
The front-matter of your articles contains a "date" variable
|
|
(as discussed above). Hugo sets this, when it creates each content file.
|
|
Now, sometimes an article requires many days to prepare, so its actual
|
|
publishing date might be later than the front-matter's "date". However, for
|
|
simplicity's sake, let's pretend this is the date we want to display, each time.
|
|
|
|
In Hugo, in order to format a variable date (or time),
|
|
we must do it by formatting the Go language [reference
|
|
time](https://golang.org/pkg/time/); for example:
|
|
```bash
|
|
{{ .Date.Format "Mon, Jan 2, 2006" }}
|
|
```
|
|
Now, your articles use the `layouts/_default/single.html` template (see above).
|
|
Because that template includes a date-formatting snippet, they show a
|
|
nice looking date. However, your About page uses the same default template.
|
|
Unfortunately, now it too shows its creation date (which makes no sense)!
|
|
|
|
There are a couple of ways to make the date display only for articles.
|
|
We could use an "if" statement, to display the date only when the Type equals
|
|
"article." That is workable, and acceptable for web sites with only a couple
|
|
of content Types. It aligns with the principle of "code for today," too.
|
|
### Template
|
|
|
|
Let's assume, though (for didactic purposes), that you've made your web site so
|
|
complex that you feel you must create a new template Type. In Hugo-speak, this
|
|
will be a new Section. It will contain your new, "article" Single template.
|
|
|
|
Let's restore your default Single template (`layouts/_default/single.html`)
|
|
to its earlier state (before we forget):
|
|
```html
|
|
$ vi themes/zafta/layouts/_default/single.html
|
|
{{ partial "header.html" . }}
|
|
<h1>{{ .Title }}</h1>
|
|
{{ .Content }}
|
|
{{ partial "footer.html" . -}}
|
|
:wq
|
|
```
|
|
Now, let's create your new template. If you remember Hugo's rules,
|
|
the template engine will prefer this version over the default. The first step
|
|
is to create (within your theme) its Section's directory: `layouts/article/`.
|
|
Then, create a Single template (`layouts/article/single.html`) within it:
|
|
```html
|
|
$ mkdir themes/zafta/layouts/article
|
|
|
|
$ vi themes/zafta/layouts/article/single.html
|
|
{{ partial "header.html" . }}
|
|
<h1>{{ .Title }}</h1>
|
|
<h6>{{ .Date.Format "Mon, Jan 2, 2006" }}</h6>
|
|
{{ .Content }}
|
|
{{ partial "footer.html" . -}}
|
|
:wq
|
|
```
|
|
Basically, we moved the date logic — from the default template, to the
|
|
new "article" Section, Single template: `layouts/article/single.html`.
|
|
|
|
Let's render your web site and verify the results:
|
|
```html
|
|
$ rm -rf public/
|
|
|
|
$ hugo --verbose
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Using config file: /tmp/mySite/config.toml
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} using a UnionFS for static directory comprised of:
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Base: /tmp/mySite/themes/zafta/static
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} Overlay: /tmp/mySite/static/
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} syncing static files to /tmp/mySite/public/
|
|
Started building site
|
|
INFO: {date} {source} found taxonomies: map[string]string{"tag":"tags", "category":"categories"}
|
|
WARN: {date} {source} "404.html" is rendered empty
|
|
0 draft content
|
|
0 future content
|
|
0 expired content
|
|
3 pages created
|
|
0 non-page files copied
|
|
0 paginator pages created
|
|
0 tags created
|
|
0 categories created
|
|
in 10 ms
|
|
|
|
$ cat public/article/First/index.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<head>
|
|
<title>First</title>
|
|
</head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
|
<h1>First</h1>
|
|
<h6>Wed, Jan 18, 2040</h6>
|
|
<p>In vel ligula tortor. Aliquam erat volutpat.
|
|
Pellentesque at felis eu quam tincidunt dignissim.
|
|
Nulla facilisi.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Pellentesque tempus nisi et interdum convallis.
|
|
In quam ante, vulputate at massa et, rutrum
|
|
gravida dui. Phasellus tristique libero at ex.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a href="http://example.org/">Home</a></h4>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
|
|
$ cat public/About/index.html
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html>
|
|
<head>
|
|
<title>About</title>
|
|
</head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
|
|
<h1>About</h1>
|
|
<p>Neque porro quisquam est qui dolorem
|
|
ipsum quia dolor sit amet consectetur
|
|
adipisci velit.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a href="http://example.org/">Home</a></h4>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
```
|
|
Now, as you can see, your articles show their dates,
|
|
and your About page (sensibly) doesn't.
|