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---
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title: Content Formats
linktitle: Content Formats
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description: Both HTML and Markdown are supported content formats.
date: 2017-01-10
publishdate: 2017-01-10
lastmod: 2017-04-06
categories: [content management]
keywords: [markdown,asciidoc,mmark,pandoc,content format]
menu:
docs:
parent: "content-management"
weight: 20
weight: 20 #rem
draft: false
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aliases: [/content/markdown-extras/,/content/supported-formats/,/doc/supported-formats/]
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toc: true
---
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You can put any file type into your `/content` directories, but Hugo uses the `markup` front matter value if set or the file extension (see `Markup identifiers` in the table below) to determine if the markup needs to be processed, e.g.:
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* Markdown converted to HTML
* [Shortcodes ](/content-management/shortcodes/ ) processed
* Layout applied
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## List of content formats
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The current list of content formats in Hugo:
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| Name | Markup identifiers | Comment |
| ------------- | ------------- |-------------|
| Goldmark | md, markdown, goldmark |Note that you can set the default handler of `md` and `markdown` to something else, see [Configure Markup ](/getting-started/configuration-markup/ ).{{< new-in " 0 . 60 . 0 " > }} |
| Blackfriday | blackfriday |Blackfriday will eventually be deprecated.|
|MMark|mmark|Mmark is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.|
|Emacs Org-Mode|org|See [go-org ](https://github.com/niklasfasching/go-org ).|
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|AsciiDoc|asciidocext, adoc, ad|Needs [Asciidoctor][ascii] installed.|
Rework external asciidoctor integration
This commit solves the relative path problem with asciidoctor tooling. An include will resolve relatively, so you can refer easily to files in the same folder.
Also `asciidoctor-diagram` and PlantUML rendering works now, because the created temporary files will be placed in the correct folder.
This patch covers just the Ruby version of asciidoctor. The old AsciiDoc CLI EOLs in Jan 2020, so this variant is removed from code.
The configuration is completely rewritten and now available in `config.toml` under the key `[markup.asciidocext]`:
```toml
[markup.asciidocext]
extensions = ["asciidoctor-html5s", "asciidoctor-diagram"]
workingFolderCurrent = true
trace = true
[markup.asciidocext.attributes]
my-base-url = "https://example.com/"
my-attribute-name = "my value"
```
- backends, safe-modes, and extensions are now whitelisted to the popular (ruby) extensions and valid values.
- the default for extensions is to not enable any, because they're all external dependencies so the build would break if the user didn't install them beforehand.
- the default backend is html5 because html5s is an external gem dependency.
- the default safe-mode is safe, explanations of the modes: https://asciidoctor.org/man/asciidoctor/
- the config is namespaced under asciidocext_config and the parser looks at asciidocext to allow a future native Go asciidoc.
- `uglyUrls=true` option and `--source` flag are supported
- `--destination` flag is required
Follow the updated documentation under `docs/content/en/content-management/formats.md`.
This patch would be a breaking change, because you need to correct all your absolute include pathes to relative paths, so using relative paths must be configured explicitly by setting `workingFolderCurrent = true`.
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|RST|rst|Needs [RST ](http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html ) installed.|
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|Pandoc|pandoc, pdc|Needs [Pandoc ](https://www.pandoc.org/ ) installed.|
|HTML|html, htm|To be treated as a content file, with layout, shortcodes etc., it must have front matter. If not, it will be copied as-is.|
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The `markup identifier` is fetched from either the `markup` variable in front matter or from the file extension. For markup-related configuration, see [Configure Markup ](/getting-started/configuration-markup/ ).
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## External Helpers
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Some of the formats in the table above need external helpers installed on your PC. For example, for AsciiDoc files,
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Hugo will try to call the `asciidoctor` command. This means that you will have to install the associated
Rework external asciidoctor integration
This commit solves the relative path problem with asciidoctor tooling. An include will resolve relatively, so you can refer easily to files in the same folder.
Also `asciidoctor-diagram` and PlantUML rendering works now, because the created temporary files will be placed in the correct folder.
This patch covers just the Ruby version of asciidoctor. The old AsciiDoc CLI EOLs in Jan 2020, so this variant is removed from code.
The configuration is completely rewritten and now available in `config.toml` under the key `[markup.asciidocext]`:
```toml
[markup.asciidocext]
extensions = ["asciidoctor-html5s", "asciidoctor-diagram"]
workingFolderCurrent = true
trace = true
[markup.asciidocext.attributes]
my-base-url = "https://example.com/"
my-attribute-name = "my value"
```
- backends, safe-modes, and extensions are now whitelisted to the popular (ruby) extensions and valid values.
- the default for extensions is to not enable any, because they're all external dependencies so the build would break if the user didn't install them beforehand.
- the default backend is html5 because html5s is an external gem dependency.
- the default safe-mode is safe, explanations of the modes: https://asciidoctor.org/man/asciidoctor/
- the config is namespaced under asciidocext_config and the parser looks at asciidocext to allow a future native Go asciidoc.
- `uglyUrls=true` option and `--source` flag are supported
- `--destination` flag is required
Follow the updated documentation under `docs/content/en/content-management/formats.md`.
This patch would be a breaking change, because you need to correct all your absolute include pathes to relative paths, so using relative paths must be configured explicitly by setting `workingFolderCurrent = true`.
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tool on your machine to be able to use these formats.
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Hugo passes reasonable default arguments to these external helpers by default:
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- `asciidoctor` : `--no-header-footer -`
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- `rst2html` : `--leave-comments --initial-header-level=2`
- `pandoc` : `--mathjax`
{{% warning "Performance of External Helpers" %}}
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Because additional formats are external commands, generation performance will rely heavily on the performance of the external tool you are using. As this feature is still in its infancy, feedback is welcome.
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{{% /warning %}}
Rework external asciidoctor integration
This commit solves the relative path problem with asciidoctor tooling. An include will resolve relatively, so you can refer easily to files in the same folder.
Also `asciidoctor-diagram` and PlantUML rendering works now, because the created temporary files will be placed in the correct folder.
This patch covers just the Ruby version of asciidoctor. The old AsciiDoc CLI EOLs in Jan 2020, so this variant is removed from code.
The configuration is completely rewritten and now available in `config.toml` under the key `[markup.asciidocext]`:
```toml
[markup.asciidocext]
extensions = ["asciidoctor-html5s", "asciidoctor-diagram"]
workingFolderCurrent = true
trace = true
[markup.asciidocext.attributes]
my-base-url = "https://example.com/"
my-attribute-name = "my value"
```
- backends, safe-modes, and extensions are now whitelisted to the popular (ruby) extensions and valid values.
- the default for extensions is to not enable any, because they're all external dependencies so the build would break if the user didn't install them beforehand.
- the default backend is html5 because html5s is an external gem dependency.
- the default safe-mode is safe, explanations of the modes: https://asciidoctor.org/man/asciidoctor/
- the config is namespaced under asciidocext_config and the parser looks at asciidocext to allow a future native Go asciidoc.
- `uglyUrls=true` option and `--source` flag are supported
- `--destination` flag is required
Follow the updated documentation under `docs/content/en/content-management/formats.md`.
This patch would be a breaking change, because you need to correct all your absolute include pathes to relative paths, so using relative paths must be configured explicitly by setting `workingFolderCurrent = true`.
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### External Helper AsciiDoc
[AsciiDoc ](https://github.com/asciidoc/asciidoc ) implementation EOLs in Jan 2020 and is no longer supported.
AsciiDoc development is being continued under [Asciidoctor ](https://github.com/asciidoctor ). The format AsciiDoc
remains of course. Please continue with the implementation Asciidoctor.
### External Helper Asciidoctor
The Asciidoctor community offers a wide set of tools for the AsciiDoc format that can be installed additionally to Hugo.
[See the Asciidoctor docs for installation instructions ](https://asciidoctor.org/docs/install-toolchain/ ). Make sure that also all
optional extensions like `asciidoctor-diagram` or `asciidoctor-html5s` are installed if required.
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{{% note %}}
External `asciidoctor` command requires Hugo rendering to _disk_ to a specific destination directory. It is required to run Hugo with the command option `--destination` .
{{% /note %}}
Some [Asciidoctor ](https://asciidoctor.org/man/asciidoctor/ ) parameters can be customized in Hugo:
Parameter | Comment
--- | ---
backend | Don't change this unless you know what you are doing.
doctype | Currently, the only document type supported in Hugo is `article` .
extensions | Possible extensions are `asciidoctor-html5s` , `asciidoctor-bibtex` , `asciidoctor-diagram` , `asciidoctor-interdoc-reftext` , `asciidoctor-katex` , `asciidoctor-latex` , `asciidoctor-mathematical` , `asciidoctor-question` , `asciidoctor-rouge` .
attributes | Variables to be referenced in your AsciiDoc file. This is a list of variable name/value maps. See [Asciidoctor's attributes ](https://asciidoctor.org/docs/asciidoc-syntax-quick-reference/#attributes-and-substitutions ).
noHeaderOrFooter | Output an embeddable document, which excludes the header, the footer, and everything outside the body of the document. Don't change this unless you know what you are doing.
safeMode | Safe mode level `unsafe` , `safe` , `server` or `secure` . Don't change this unless you know what you are doing.
sectionNumbers | Auto-number section titles.
verbose | Verbosely print processing information and configuration file checks to stderr.
trace | Include backtrace information on errors.
failureLevel | The minimum logging level that triggers a non-zero exit code (failure).
Hugo provides additional settings that don't map directly to Asciidoctor's CLI options:
workingFolderCurrent
: Sets the working directory to be the same as that of the AsciiDoc file being processed, so that [include ](https://asciidoctor.org/docs/asciidoc-syntax-quick-reference/#include-files ) will work with relative paths. This setting uses the `asciidoctor` cli parameter `--base-dir` and attribute `outdir=` . For rendering diagrams with [asciidoctor-diagram ](https://asciidoctor.org/docs/asciidoctor-diagram/ ), `workingFolderCurrent` must be set to `true` .
preserveTOC
: By default, Hugo removes the table of contents generated by Asciidoctor and provides it through the built-in variable [`.TableOfContents` ](/content-management/toc/ ) to enable further customization and better integration with the various Hugo themes. This option can be set to `true` to preserve Asciidoctor's TOC in the generated page.
Below are all the AsciiDoc related settings in Hugo with their default values:
{{< code-toggle config = "markup.asciidocExt" / > }}
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Notice that for security concerns only extensions that do not have path separators (either `\` , `/` or `.` ) are allowed. That means that extensions can only be invoked if they are in one's ruby's `$LOAD_PATH` (ie. most likely, the extension has been installed by the user). Any extension declared relative to the website's path will not be accepted.
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Example of how to set extensions and attributes:
Rework external asciidoctor integration
This commit solves the relative path problem with asciidoctor tooling. An include will resolve relatively, so you can refer easily to files in the same folder.
Also `asciidoctor-diagram` and PlantUML rendering works now, because the created temporary files will be placed in the correct folder.
This patch covers just the Ruby version of asciidoctor. The old AsciiDoc CLI EOLs in Jan 2020, so this variant is removed from code.
The configuration is completely rewritten and now available in `config.toml` under the key `[markup.asciidocext]`:
```toml
[markup.asciidocext]
extensions = ["asciidoctor-html5s", "asciidoctor-diagram"]
workingFolderCurrent = true
trace = true
[markup.asciidocext.attributes]
my-base-url = "https://example.com/"
my-attribute-name = "my value"
```
- backends, safe-modes, and extensions are now whitelisted to the popular (ruby) extensions and valid values.
- the default for extensions is to not enable any, because they're all external dependencies so the build would break if the user didn't install them beforehand.
- the default backend is html5 because html5s is an external gem dependency.
- the default safe-mode is safe, explanations of the modes: https://asciidoctor.org/man/asciidoctor/
- the config is namespaced under asciidocext_config and the parser looks at asciidocext to allow a future native Go asciidoc.
- `uglyUrls=true` option and `--source` flag are supported
- `--destination` flag is required
Follow the updated documentation under `docs/content/en/content-management/formats.md`.
This patch would be a breaking change, because you need to correct all your absolute include pathes to relative paths, so using relative paths must be configured explicitly by setting `workingFolderCurrent = true`.
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```
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[markup.asciidocExt]
Rework external asciidoctor integration
This commit solves the relative path problem with asciidoctor tooling. An include will resolve relatively, so you can refer easily to files in the same folder.
Also `asciidoctor-diagram` and PlantUML rendering works now, because the created temporary files will be placed in the correct folder.
This patch covers just the Ruby version of asciidoctor. The old AsciiDoc CLI EOLs in Jan 2020, so this variant is removed from code.
The configuration is completely rewritten and now available in `config.toml` under the key `[markup.asciidocext]`:
```toml
[markup.asciidocext]
extensions = ["asciidoctor-html5s", "asciidoctor-diagram"]
workingFolderCurrent = true
trace = true
[markup.asciidocext.attributes]
my-base-url = "https://example.com/"
my-attribute-name = "my value"
```
- backends, safe-modes, and extensions are now whitelisted to the popular (ruby) extensions and valid values.
- the default for extensions is to not enable any, because they're all external dependencies so the build would break if the user didn't install them beforehand.
- the default backend is html5 because html5s is an external gem dependency.
- the default safe-mode is safe, explanations of the modes: https://asciidoctor.org/man/asciidoctor/
- the config is namespaced under asciidocext_config and the parser looks at asciidocext to allow a future native Go asciidoc.
- `uglyUrls=true` option and `--source` flag are supported
- `--destination` flag is required
Follow the updated documentation under `docs/content/en/content-management/formats.md`.
This patch would be a breaking change, because you need to correct all your absolute include pathes to relative paths, so using relative paths must be configured explicitly by setting `workingFolderCurrent = true`.
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extensions = ["asciidoctor-html5s", "asciidoctor-diagram"]
workingFolderCurrent = true
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[markup.asciidocExt.attributes]
Rework external asciidoctor integration
This commit solves the relative path problem with asciidoctor tooling. An include will resolve relatively, so you can refer easily to files in the same folder.
Also `asciidoctor-diagram` and PlantUML rendering works now, because the created temporary files will be placed in the correct folder.
This patch covers just the Ruby version of asciidoctor. The old AsciiDoc CLI EOLs in Jan 2020, so this variant is removed from code.
The configuration is completely rewritten and now available in `config.toml` under the key `[markup.asciidocext]`:
```toml
[markup.asciidocext]
extensions = ["asciidoctor-html5s", "asciidoctor-diagram"]
workingFolderCurrent = true
trace = true
[markup.asciidocext.attributes]
my-base-url = "https://example.com/"
my-attribute-name = "my value"
```
- backends, safe-modes, and extensions are now whitelisted to the popular (ruby) extensions and valid values.
- the default for extensions is to not enable any, because they're all external dependencies so the build would break if the user didn't install them beforehand.
- the default backend is html5 because html5s is an external gem dependency.
- the default safe-mode is safe, explanations of the modes: https://asciidoctor.org/man/asciidoctor/
- the config is namespaced under asciidocext_config and the parser looks at asciidocext to allow a future native Go asciidoc.
- `uglyUrls=true` option and `--source` flag are supported
- `--destination` flag is required
Follow the updated documentation under `docs/content/en/content-management/formats.md`.
This patch would be a breaking change, because you need to correct all your absolute include pathes to relative paths, so using relative paths must be configured explicitly by setting `workingFolderCurrent = true`.
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my-base-url = "https://example.com/"
my-attribute-name = "my value"
```
In a complex Asciidoctor environment it is sometimes helpful to debug the exact call to your external helper with all
parameters. Run Hugo with `-v` . You will get an output like
```
INFO 2019/12/22 09:08:48 Rendering book-as-pdf.adoc with C:\Ruby26-x64\bin\asciidoctor.bat using asciidoc args [--no-header-footer -r asciidoctor-html5s -b html5s -r asciidoctor-diagram --base-dir D:\prototypes\hugo_asciidoc_ddd\docs -a outdir=D:\prototypes\hugo_asciidoc_ddd\build -] ...
```
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## Learn Markdown
Markdown syntax is simple enough to learn in a single sitting. The following are excellent resources to get you up and running:
* [Daring Fireball: Markdown, John Gruber (Creator of Markdown)][fireball]
* [Markdown Cheatsheet, Adam Pritchard][mdcheatsheet]
* [Markdown Tutorial (Interactive), Garen Torikian][mdtutorial]
* [The Markdown Guide, Matt Cone][mdguide]
[`emojify` function]: /functions/emojify/
[ascii]: https://asciidoctor.org/
[bfconfig]: /getting-started/configuration/#configuring-blackfriday-rendering
[blackfriday]: https://github.com/russross/blackfriday
[mmark]: https://github.com/miekg/mmark
[config]: /getting-started/configuration/
[developer tools]: /tools/
[emojis]: https://www.webpagefx.com/tools/emoji-cheat-sheet/
[fireball]: https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/
[gfmtasks]: https://guides.github.com/features/mastering-markdown/#syntax
[helperssource]: https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/blob/77c60a3440806067109347d04eb5368b65ea0fe8/helpers/general.go#L65
[hl]: /content-management/syntax-highlighting/
[hlsc]: /content-management/shortcodes/#highlight
[hugocss]: /css/style.css
[ietf]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/
[mathjaxdocs]: https://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/
[mdcheatsheet]: https://github.com/adam-p/markdown-here/wiki/Markdown-Cheatsheet
[mdguide]: https://www.markdownguide.org/
[mdtutorial]: https://www.markdowntutorial.com/
[Miek Gieben's website]: https://miek.nl/2016/march/05/mmark-syntax-document/
[mmark]: https://github.com/mmarkdown/mmark
[org]: https://orgmode.org/
[pandoc]: https://www.pandoc.org/
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[rest]: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/rst.html
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[sc]: /content-management/shortcodes/
[sct]: /templates/shortcode-templates/
