Anything not defined in a `languages` block will fall back to the global value for that key (e.g., `copyright` for the English `en` language). This also works for `params`, as demonstrated with `help` above: You will get the value `Aide` in French and `Help` in all the languages without this parameter set.
**Please note:** use lowercase language codes, even when using regional languages (ie. use pt-pt instead of pt-PT). Currently Hugo language internals lowercase language codes, which can cause conflicts with settings like `defaultContentLanguage` which are not lowercased. Please track the evolution of this issue in [Hugo repository issue tracker](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/7344)
In Hugo `v0.112.0` we consolidated all configuration options, and improved how the languages and their parameters are merged with the main configuration. But while testing this on Hugo sites out there, we received some error reports and reverted some of the changes in favor of deprecation warnings:
In the example above, all settings except `color` below `params` map to predefined configuration options in Hugo for the site and its language, and should be accessed via the documented accessors:
From **Hugo 0.31** we support multiple languages in a multihost configuration. See [this issue](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/4027) for details.
This means that you can now configure a `baseURL` per `language`:
**All URLs (i.e `.Permalink` etc.) will be generated from that root. So the English home page above will have its `.Permalink` set to `https://example.com/`.**
The first file is assigned the English language and is linked to the second.
The second file is assigned the French language and is linked to the first.
Their language is __assigned__ according to the content directory they are __placed__ in.
By having the same **path and basename** (relative to their language content directory), the content pieces are __linked__ together as translated pages.
To avoid the burden of having to duplicate files, each Page Bundle inherits the resources of its linked translated pages' bundles except for the content files (Markdown files, HTML files etc...).
Therefore, from within a template, the page will have access to the files from all linked pages' bundles.
If, across the linked bundles, two or more files share the same basename, only one will be included and chosen as follows:
* File from current language bundle, if present.
* First file found across bundles by order of language `Weight`.
{{% note %}}
Page Bundle resources follow the same language assignment logic as content files, both by filename (`image.jpg`, `image.fr.jpg`) and by directory (`english/about/header.jpg`, `french/about/header.jpg`).
{{%/ note %}}
## Reference the Translated Content
To create a list of links to translated content, use a template similar to the following:
The above can be put in a `partial` (i.e., inside `layouts/partials/`) and included in any template, whether a [single content page][contenttemplate] or the [homepage]. It will not print anything if there are no translations for a given page.
The above also uses the [`i18n` function][i18func] described in the next section.
### List All Available Languages
`.AllTranslations` on a `Page` can be used to list all translations, including the page itself. On the home page it can be used to build a language navigator:
Hugo uses [go-i18n] to support string translations. [See the project's source repository][go-i18n-source] to find tools that will help you manage your translation workflows.
Translations are collected from the `themes/<THEME>/i18n/` folder (built into the theme), as well as translations present in `i18n/` at the root of your project. In the `i18n`, the translations will be merged and take precedence over what is in the theme folder. Language files should be named according to [RFC 5646] with names such as `en-US.toml`, `fr.toml`, etc.
Artificial languages with private use subtags as defined in [RFC 5646 § 2.2.7](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5646#section-2.2.7) are also supported. You may omit the `art-x-` prefix for brevity. For example:
In other to meet singular/plural requirement, you must pass a dictionary (map) with a numeric `.Count` property to the `i18n` function. The below example uses `.ReadingTime` variable which has a built-in `.Count` property.
The function will read `.Count` from `.ReadingTime` and evaluate whether the number is singular (`one`) or plural (`other`). After that, it will pass to `readingTime` id in `i18n/en-US.toml` file:
- When you define menu entries [automatically] using the section pages menu, you must use translation tables to localize each entry.
- When you define menu entries [in front matter], they are already localized based on the front matter itself. If the front matter values are insufficient, use translation tables to localize each entry.
- When you define menu entries [in site configuration], you can (a) use translation tables, or (b) create language-specific menu entries under each language key.
It queries the translation table for the current language using the menu entry's `identifier` and returns the translated string. If the translation table does not exist, or if the `identifier` key is not present in the translation table, it falls back to `name`.
For a simple menu with two languages, these menu entries are easy to create and maintain. For a larger menu, or with more than two languages, using translation tables as described above is preferable.
If a string does not have a translation for the current language, Hugo will use the value from the default language. If no default value is set, an empty string will be shown.
While translating a Hugo website, it can be handy to have a visual indicator of missing translations. The [`enableMissingTranslationPlaceholders` configuration option][config] will flag all untranslated strings with the placeholder `[i18n] identifier`, where `identifier` is the id of the missing translation.
{{% note %}}
Hugo will generate your website with these missing translation placeholders. It might not be suitable for production environments.
To support Multilingual mode in your themes, some considerations must be taken for the URLs in the templates. If there is more than one language, URLs must meet the following criteria:
* Come from the built-in `.Permalink` or `.RelPermalink`
* Be constructed with the [`relLangURL` template function][rellangurl] or the [`absLangURL` template function][abslangurl] **OR** be prefixed with `{{ .LanguagePrefix }}`
If there is more than one language defined, the `LanguagePrefix` variable will equal `/en` (or whatever your `CurrentLanguage` is). If not enabled, it will be an empty string (and is therefore harmless for single-language Hugo websites).
