**Front matter** allows you to keep metadata attached to an instance of a [content type][]---i.e., embedded inside a content file---and is one of the many features that gives Hugo its strength.
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## Front Matter Formats
Hugo supports four formats for front matter, each with their own identifying tokens.
TOML
: identified by opening and closing `+++`.
YAML
: identified by opening and closing `---`.
JSON
: a single JSON object surrounded by '`{`' and '`}`', followed by a new line.
ORG
: a group of Org mode keywords in the format '`#+KEY: VALUE`'. Any line that does not start with `#+` ends the front matter section.
Keyword values can be either strings (`#+KEY: VALUE`) or a whitespace separated list of strings (`#+KEY[]: VALUE_1 VALUE_2`).
### Example
{{<code-toggle>}}
title = "spf13-vim 3.0 release and new website"
description = "spf13-vim is a cross platform distribution of vim plugins and resources for Vim."
There are a few predefined variables that Hugo is aware of. See [Page Variables][pagevars] for how to call many of these predefined variables in your templates.
aliases
: an array of one or more aliases (e.g., old published paths of renamed content) that will be created in the output directory structure . See [Aliases][aliases] for details.
audio
: an array of paths to audio files related to the page; used by the `opengraph` [internal template](/templates/internal) to populate `og:audio`.
: a map of Front Matter keys whose values are passed down to the page's descendants unless overwritten by self or a closer ancestor's cascade. See [Front Matter Cascade](#front-matter-cascade) for details.
: the datetime assigned to this page. This is usually fetched from the `date` field in front matter, but this behaviour is configurable.
description
: the description for the content.
draft
: if `true`, the content will not be rendered unless the `--buildDrafts` flag is passed to the `hugo` command.
expiryDate
: the datetime at which the content should no longer be published by Hugo; expired content will not be rendered unless the `--buildExpired` flag is passed to the `hugo` command.
headless
: if `true`, sets a leaf bundle to be [headless][headless-bundle].
images
: an array of paths to images related to the page; used by [internal templates](/templates/internal) such as `_internal/twitter_cards.html`.
isCJKLanguage
: if `true`, Hugo will explicitly treat the content as a CJK language; both `.Summary` and `.WordCount` work properly in CJK languages.
: the layout Hugo should select from the [lookup order][lookup] when rendering the content. If a `type` is not specified in the front matter, Hugo will look for the layout of the same name in the layout directory that corresponds with a content's section. See [Content Types][content type].
: the datetime at which the content was last modified.
linkTitle
: used for creating links to content; if set, Hugo defaults to using the `linktitle` before the `title`. Hugo can also [order lists of content by `linktitle`][bylinktitle].
markup
: **experimental**; specify `"rst"` for reStructuredText (requires`rst2html`) or `"md"` (default) for Markdown.
outputs
: allows you to specify output formats specific to the content. See [output formats][outputs].
publishDate
: if in the future, content will not be rendered unless the `--buildFuture` flag is passed to `hugo`.
resources
: used for configuring page bundle resources. See [Page Resources][page-resources].
series
: an array of series this page belongs to, as a subset of the `series` [taxonomy](/content-management/taxonomies/); used by the `opengraph` [internal template](/templates/internal) to populate `og:see_also`.
slug
: appears as the tail of the output URL. A value specified in front matter will override the segment of the URL based on the filename.
summary
: text used when providing a summary of the article in the `.Summary` page variable; details available in the [content-summaries](/content-management/summaries/) section.
title
: the title for the content.
type
: the type of the content; this value will be automatically derived from the directory (i.e., the [section][]) if not specified in front matter.
: the full path to the content from the web root. It makes no assumptions about the path of the content file. See [URL Management](/content-management/urls/#set-url-in-front-matter).
: used for [ordering your content in lists][ordering]. Lower weight gets higher precedence. So content with lower weight will come first. If set, weights should be non-zero, as 0 is interpreted as an *unset* weight.
: field name of the *plural* form of the index. See `tags` and `categories` in the above front matter examples. _Note that the plural form of user-defined taxonomies cannot be the same as any of the predefined front matter variables._
{{% note "Hugo's Default URL Destinations" %}}
If neither `slug` nor `url` is present and [permalinks are not configured otherwise in your site `config` file](/content-management/urls/#permalinks), Hugo will use the filename of your content to create the output URL. See [Content Organization](/content-management/organization) for an explanation of paths in Hugo and [URL Management](/content-management/urls/) for ways to customize Hugo's default behaviors.
{{% /note %}}
### User-Defined
You can add fields to your front matter arbitrarily to meet your needs. These user-defined key-values are placed into a single `.Params` variable for use in your templates.
The following fields can be accessed via `.Params.include_toc` and `.Params.show_comments`, respectively. The [Variables][] section provides more information on using Hugo's page- and site-level variables in your templates.
Since Hugo 0.76 the `cascade` block can be a slice with a optional `_target` keyword, allowing for multiple `cascade` values targeting different page sets.
{{<code-togglecopy="false">}}
title ="Blog"
[[cascade]]
background = "yosemite.jpg"
[cascade._target]
path="/blog/**"
lang="en"
kind="page"
[[cascade]]
background = "goldenbridge.jpg"
[cascade._target]
kind="section"
{{</code-toggle>}}
Keywords available for `_target`:
path
: A [Glob](https://github.com/gobwas/glob) pattern matching the content path below /content. Expects Unix-styled slashes. Note that this is the virtual path, so it starts at the mount root. The matching support double-asterisks so you can match for patterns like `/blog/*/**` to match anything from the third level and down.
You can assign content-specific `weight` in the front matter of your content. These values are especially useful for [ordering][ordering] in list views. You can use `weight` for ordering of content and the convention of [`<TAXONOMY>_weight`][taxweight] for ordering content within a taxonomy. See [Ordering and Grouping Hugo Lists][lists] to see how `weight` can be used to organize your content in list views.
It's possible to set some options for Markdown rendering in a content's front matter as an override to the [Rendering options set in your project configuration][config].
[lists]: /templates/lists/#order-content "See how to order content in list pages; for example, templates that look to specific _index.md for content and front matter."
