Shortcodes are a means to consolidate templating into small, reusable snippets that you can embed directly inside of your content. In this sense, you can think of shortcodes as the intermediary between [page and list templates][templates] and [basic content files][].
{{% note %}}
Hugo also ships with built-in shortcodes for common use cases. (See [Content Management: Shortcodes](/content-management/shortcodes/).)
{{% /note %}}
## Create Custom Shortcodes
Hugo's built-in shortcodes cover many common, but not all, use cases. Luckily, Hugo provides the ability to easily create custom shortcodes to meet your website's needs.
To create a shortcode, place an HTML template in the `layouts/shortcodes` directory of your [source organization][]. Consider the file name carefully since the shortcode name will mirror that of the file but without the `.html` extension. For example, `layouts/shortcodes/myshortcode.html` will be called with either `{{</* myshortcode /*/>}}` or `{{%/* myshortcode /*/%}}` depending on the type of parameters you choose.
### Shortcode Template Lookup Order
Shortcode templates have a simple [lookup order][]:
You can create shortcodes using the following types of parameters:
* Positional parameters
* Named parameters
* Positional *or* named parameters (i.e, "flexible")
In shortcodes with positional parameters, the order of the parameters is important. If a shortcode has a single required value (e.g., the `youtube` shortcode below), positional parameters work very well and require less typing from content authors.
For more complex layouts with multiple or optional parameters, named parameters work best. While less terse, named parameters require less memorization from a content author and can be added in a shortcode declaration in any order.
Allowing both types of parameters (i.e., a "flexible" shortcode) is useful for complex layouts where you want to set default values that can be easily overridden by users.
### Access Parameters
All shortcode parameters can be accessed via the `.Get` method. Whether you pass a key (i.e., string) or a number to the `.Get` method depends on whether you are accessing a named or positional parameter, respectively.
To access a parameter by name, use the `.Get` method followed by the named parameter as a quoted string:
```
{{ .Get "class" }}
```
To access a parameter by position, use the `.Get` followed by a numeric position, keeping in mind that positional parameters are zero-indexed:
```
{{ .Get 0 }}
```
`with` is great when the output depends on a parameter being set:
```
{{ with .Get "class"}} class="{{.}}"{{ end }}
```
`.Get` can also be used to check if a parameter has been provided. This is
most helpful when the condition depends on either of the values, or both:
```
{{ or .Get "title" | .Get "alt" | if }} alt="{{ with .Get "alt"}}{{.}}{{else}}{{.Get "title"}}{{end}}"{{ end }}
```
#### `.Inner`
If a closing shortcode is used, the `.Inner` variable will be populated with all of the content between the opening and closing shortcodes. If a closing shortcode is required, you can check the length of `.Inner` as an indicator of its existence.
A shortcode with content declared via the `.Inner` variable can also be declared without the inline content and without the closing shortcode by using the self-closing syntax:
```
{{</* innershortcode /*/>}}
```
#### `.Params`
The `.Params` variable in shortcodes contains the list parameters passed to shortcode for more complicated use cases. You can also access higher-scoped parameters with the following logic:
`$.Params`
: these are the parameters passed directly into the shortcode declaration (e.g., a YouTube video ID)
`$.Page.Params`
: refers to the page's params; the "page" in this case refers to the content file in which the shortcode is declared (e.g., a `shortcode_color` field in a content's front matter could be accessed via `$.Page.Params.shortcode_color`).
`$.Page.Site.Params`
: refers to global variables as defined in your [site's configuration file][config].
The `.IsNamedParams` variable checks whether the shortcode declaration uses named parameters and returns a boolean value.
For example, you could create an `image` shortcode that can take either a `src` named parameter or the first positional parameter, depending on the preference of the content's author. Let's assume the `image` shortcode is called as follows:
```
{{</* image src="images/my-image.jpg"*/>}}
```
You could then include the following as part of your shortcode templating:
See the [example Vimeo shortcode][vimeoexample] below for `.IsNamedParams` in action.
{{% warning %}}
While you can create shortcode templates that accept both positional and named parameters, you *cannot* declare shortcodes in content with a mix of parameter types. Therefore, a shortcode declared like `{{</* image src="images/my-image.jpg" "This is my alt text" */>}}` will return an error.
{{% /warning %}}
You can also use the variable `.Page` to access all the normal [page variables][pagevars].
A shortcodes can also be nested. In a nested shortcode, you can access the parent shortcode context with [`.Parent` variable][shortcodesvars]. This can be very useful for inheritance of common shortcode parameters from the root.
## Custom Shortcode Examples
The following are examples of the different types of shortcodes you can create via shortcode template files in `/layouts/shortcodes`.
### Single-word Example: `year`
Let's assume you would like to keep mentions of your copyright year current in your content files without having to continually review your markdown. Your goal is to be able to call the shortcode as follows:
Embedded videos are a common addition to markdown content that can quickly become unsightly. The following is the code used by [Hugo's built-in YouTube shortcode][youtubeshortcode]:
```
{{</* youtube 09jf3ow9jfw */>}}
```
Would load the template at `/layouts/shortcodes/youtube.html`:
{{<codefile="/layouts/shortcodes/youtube.html">}}
<divclass="embed video-player">
<iframeclass="youtube-player"type="text/html"width="640"height="385"src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/{{ index .Params 0 }}"allowfullscreenframeborder="0">
</iframe>
</div>
{{</code>}}
{{<codefile="youtube-embed.html"copy="false">}}
<divclass="embed video-player">
<iframeclass="youtube-player"type="text/html"
width="640" height="385"
src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/09jf3ow9jfw"
allowfullscreen frameborder="0">
</iframe>
</div>
{{</code>}}
### Single Named Example: `image`
Let's say you want to create your own `img` shortcode rather than use Hugo's built-in [`figure` shortcode][figure]. Your goal is to be able to call the shortcode as follows in your content files:
<spanstyle="color: #f92672"><body></span> This HTML <spanstyle="color: #f92672"></body></span>
<spanstyle="color: #f92672"></html></span>
</pre></div>
{{</code>}}
{{% note %}}
The preceding shortcode makes use of a Hugo-specific template function called `highlight`, which uses [Pygments](http://pygments.org) to add syntax highlighting to the example HTML code block. See the [developer tools page on syntax highlighting](/tools/syntax-highlighting/) for more information.
{{% /note %}}
### Nested Shortcode: Image Gallery
Hugo's [`.Parent` shortcode variable][parent] returns a boolean value depending on whether the shortcode in question is called within the context of a *parent* shortcode. This provides an inheritance model for common shortcode parameters.
The following example is contrived but demonstrates the concept. Assume you have a `gallery` shortcode that expects one named `class` parameter:
{{<codefile="layouts/shortcodes/gallery.html">}}
<divclass="{{.Get "class"}}">
{{.Inner}}
</div>
{{</code>}}
You also have an `image` shortcode with a single named `src` parameter that you want to call inside of `gallery` and other shortcodes so that the parent defines the context of each `image`:
{{<codefile="layouts/shortcodes/image.html">}}
{{- $src := .Get "src" -}}
{{- with .Parent -}}
<imgsrc="{{$src}}"class="{{.Get "class"}}-image">
{{- else -}}
<imgsrc="{{$src}}">
{{- end }}
{{</code>}}
You can then call your shortcode in your content as follows:
```
{{</* gallery class="content-gallery" */>}}
{{</* img src="/images/one.jpg" */>}}
{{</* img src="/images/two.jpg" */>}}
{{</* /gallery */>}}
{{</* img src="/images/three.jpg" */>}}
```
This will output the following HTML. Note how the first two `image` shortcodes inherit the `class` value of `content-gallery` set with the call to the parent `gallery`, whereas the third `image` only uses `src`:
More shortcode examples can be found in the [shortcodes directory for spf13.com][spfscs] and the [shortcodes directory for the Hugo docs][docsshortcodes].
[basic content files]: /content-management/formats/ "See how Hugo leverages markdown--and other supported formats--to create content for your website."
[config]: /getting-started/configuration/ "Learn more about Hugo's built-in configuration variables as well as how to us your site's configuration file to include global key-values that can be used throughout your rendered website."
[Content Management: Shortcodes]: /content-management/shortcodes/#using-hugo-s-built-in-shortcodes "Check this section if you are not familiar with the definition of what a shortcode is or if you are unfamiliar with how to use Hugo's built-in shortcodes in your content files."
[source organization]: /getting-started/directory-structure/#directory-structure-explained "Learn how Hugo scaffolds new sites and what it expects to find in each of your directories."
[docsshortcodes]: https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tree/master/docs/layouts/shortcodes "See the shortcode source directory for the documentation site you're currently reading."
[lookup order]: /templates/lookup-order/ "See the order in which Hugo traverses your template files to decide where and how to render your content at build time"
[pagevars]: /variables/page/ "See which variables you can leverage in your templating for page vs list templates."
[parent]: /variables/shortcodes/
[shortcodesvars]: /variables/shortcodes/ "Certain variables are specific to shortcodes, although most .Page variables can be accessed within your shortcode template."
[spfscs]: https://github.com/spf13/spf13.com/tree/master/layouts/shortcodes "See more examples of shortcodes by visiting the shortcode directory of the source for spf13.com, the blog of Hugo's creator, Steve Francia."
[templates]: /templates/ "The templates section of the Hugo docs."
