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content/blog/networkdebugging.md
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---
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title: "Common Network Debugging Commands"
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date: 2022-01-02T15:17:02-05:00
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draft: false
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tags: ["Networking"]
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math: false
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---
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Below are list of commands that I use to debug common issues in a network. There is a wonderful tool called Wireshark which you can use to sniff packets in a network and filter by a wide range of options, but we'll mainly focus on simple tools that you can use in the terminal.
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## `ping`
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The most commonly used networking command is `ping`. This allows you to see the time it takes to send and receive an ICMP packet from/to a specified address. Most people use Google's DNS server `8.8.8.8` as a quick test to see if they have access to the Internet.
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```bash
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ping 8.8.8.8
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```
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```
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PING 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8) 56(84) bytes of data.
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64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=1 ttl=117 time=267 ms
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64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=2 ttl=117 time=74.9 ms
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64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=3 ttl=117 time=34.7 ms
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64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=4 ttl=117 time=298 ms
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```
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Press CTRL-C when you are done looking at the output. Here is a list of common flags used in the ping command.
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| Flag | Description |
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| ------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| `-c NUM` | Only send/receive an ICMP packet `NUM` number of times |
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| `-D` | Print the timestamp along with the roundtrip time |
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| `-W timeout` | Waits a `timeout` amount of seconds for the response before moving on to the next ICMP roundtrip |
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Example:
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```bash
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ping -c3 -D -W1 1.1.1.1
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```
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```
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PING 1.1.1.1 (1.1.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
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[1641156381.342990] 64 bytes from 1.1.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=57 time=52.6 ms
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[1641156382.555358] 64 bytes from 1.1.1.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=57 time=263 ms
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[1641156383.327286] 64 bytes from 1.1.1.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=57 time=34.3 ms
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--- 1.1.1.1 ping statistics ---
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3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms
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rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 34.275/116.670/263.116/103.823 ms
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```
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## `ip route`
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Without any extra flags or subcommands this will give you a view of your routing table. A routing table specifies for a given address range, which device to send the network traffic over. Normally you see a large routing table inside businesses (or if you access a lot of VPNs at once). Here is an example of a typical one in a household.
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```bash
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ip route
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```
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```bash
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default via 192.168.0.1 dev wlan0 proto dhcp metric 600
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192.168.0.0/24 dev wlan0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.0.2 metric 600
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```
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This says that any address between 192.168.0.1-254 goes over the `wlan0` device which on some computers denote WiFi. The first line shows what the default entry/gateway is, that is if the ip address you're trying to access is not listed in the table it will go through the IP listed in that row first.
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You can manually add and remove entries in the routing table as well.
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Example:
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```bash
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sudo ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 dev wlan0
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```
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```bash
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sudo ip route del 192.168.1.0/24 dev wlan0
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```
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## `traceroute`
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This command is more useful if you have multiple segmented networks and you're trying to figure out at which layer the connection failed. Recently I used this to debug some directional WiFi extenders.
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```bash
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traceroute 8.8.8.8
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```
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```bash
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traceroute to 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8), 64 hops max
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1 192.168.0.1 2.051ms 2.003ms 1.278ms
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2 192.168.2.1 5.743ms 5.647ms 3.592ms
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3 192.168.5.1 5.754ms 63.285ms 7.187ms
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4 72.126.142.1 96.056ms 101.861ms 14.547ms
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5 103.51.11.206 87.273ms 16.617ms 72.810ms
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6 170.222.220.217 13.745ms 101.122ms 16.402ms
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7 201.149.23.6 85.738ms 102.977ms 100.974ms
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8 107.150.228.33 15.111ms 87.467ms 103.076ms
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9 12.21.20.233 100.755ms 102.000ms 102.352ms
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10 8.8.8.8 102.505ms 102.085ms 101.762ms
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```
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## `dig`
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We've been talking about IP addresses with the last few commands, but there can be problems in the domain name resolution as well. A domain name is what you commonly type in the browser such as `duckduckgo.com`. Your computer will then ask the DNS server it knows about what the IP of that address is.
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```bash
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dig duckduckgo.com
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```
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```
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; <<>> DiG <<>> duckduckgo.com
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;; global options: +cmd
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;; Got answer:
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;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 36469
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;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
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;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
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; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 65494
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;; QUESTION SECTION:
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;duckduckgo.com. IN A
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;; ANSWER SECTION:
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duckduckgo.com. 149 IN A 52.149.246.39
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;; Query time: 88 msec
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;; SERVER: 127.0.0.53#53(127.0.0.53)
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;; WHEN: Sun Jan 02 16:06:23 EST 2022
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;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 59
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```
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Most linux systems have a DNS cache server setup which makes it difficult to figure out what the upstream DNS server that it's querying is. Mainly because it can be configured a myriad of ways. If you are using NetworkManager you can use the following command:
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```bash
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nmcli dev show | grep DNS
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```
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In some other cases it would be in `/etc/resolv.conf`
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```bash
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cat /etc/resolv.conf
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```
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## `arp`
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Lastly at the lowest level, arp will tell you the MAC addresses of IP addresses you have communicated with before.
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```bash
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arp
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```
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```
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Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
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192.168.0.1 ether 10:1d:b1:1d:1f:91 C wlan0
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192.168.0.11 ether 72:25:22:2c:72:72 C wlan0
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192.168.0.111 ether 03:33:34:3b:23:39 C wlan0
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```
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