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@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ An ideal $J$ of a commutative ring is said to be a **prime ideal** if for any tw
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$$
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ab \in J \implies a \in J \text{ or } b \in J
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$$
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<u>Theorem:</u> If $J$ is a prime ideal of a community ring with unity $A$, then the quotient ring $A / J$ is an integral domain.
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**Theorem:** If $J$ is a prime ideal of a community ring with unity $A$, then the quotient ring $A / J$ is an integral domain.
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An ideal $J$ of $A$ with $J \ne A$ is called a **maximal ideal** if there exists no proper ideal $K$ of $A$ such that $J \subseteq K$ with $J \ne K$.
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<u>Theorem:</u> If $A$ is a commutative ring with unity, then $J$ is a maximal ideal of $A$ iff $A/J$ is a field.
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**Theorem:** If $A$ is a commutative ring with unity, then $J$ is a maximal ideal of $A$ iff $A/J$ is a field.
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@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ IterFibo(n):
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Here the linear complexity becomes super apparent!
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<u>Interesting snippet</u>
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*Interesting snippet*
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"We had a very interesting gentleman in Washington named Wilson. He was secretary of Defense, and he actually had a pathological fear and hatred of the word *research*. I’m not using the term lightly; I’m using it precisely. His face would suffuse, he would turn red, and he would get violent if people used the term *research* in his presence. You can imagine how he felt, then, about the term *mathematical*.... I felt I had to do something to shield Wilson and the Air Force from the fact that I was really doing mathematics inside the RAND Corporation. What title, what name, could I choose?"
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Falling under wrapper methods, optimality criterion are often used to aid in mod
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## Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)
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AIC is an estimator of <u>relative</u> quality of statistical models for a given set of data. Given a collection of models for the data, AIC estimates the quality of each model relative to each other.
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AIC is an estimator of *relative<* quality of statistical models for a given set of data. Given a collection of models for the data, AIC estimates the quality of each model relative to each other.
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This way, AIC provides a means for model selection. AIC offers an estimate of the relative information lost when a given model is used.
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@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ $$
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## Deviance Information Criterion
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The DIC is a hierarchical modeling generalization of the AIC and BIC. it is useful in Bayesian model selection problems where posterior distributions of the model was <u>obtained by a Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation</u>.
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The DIC is a hierarchical modeling generalization of the AIC and BIC. it is useful in Bayesian model selection problems where posterior distributions of the model was *obtained by a Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation*.
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This method is only valid if the posterior distribution is approximately multivariate normal.
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ math: true
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## Number of Solutions
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<u>For congruences mod 2</u>
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*For congruences mod 2*
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**Proposition 16.1**. Let $f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c$ with $a$ odd, and let $\Delta = b^2 - 4ac$ be the discriminant of $f(x)$. Then,
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@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Let $s_1 > 0$ be arbitrary, and define $s_{n + 1} = \frac{1}{2}(s_n + \frac{a}{s
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**Corollary:** If $X = (x_n) \subseteq \mathbb{R}$ has a subsequence that diverges then $X$ diverges.
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**Monotone Sequence Theorem**: If $X = (x_n) \subseteq \mathbb{R}$, then it contains a <u>monotone subsequence</u>.
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**Monotone Sequence Theorem**: If $X = (x_n) \subseteq \mathbb{R}$, then it contains a *monotone subsequence*.
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**Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem:** Every bounded sequence in $\mathbb{R}$ has a convergent subsequence.
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