"""
Python Decorator that enables tail call
optimization through Exception Trampolines.
"""
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import Any, Dict, List
import functools
import inspect

@dataclass
class TailRecurseException(Exception):
    """Exception to enable tail call recursion."""
    args: List[Any] = field(default_factory=list)
    kwargs: Dict[Any, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)

def tail_call(func):
    """
    Decorator that performs tail call optimization.

    Notes
    =====
    Works by throwing an exception to exit the stack
    when the function sees itself as its grandparent in
    the stack trace. It then calls itself with its new
    arguments.
    """
    @functools.wraps(func)
    def recurse(*args, **kwargs):
        frame = inspect.currentframe()
        if frame.f_back is not None \
           and frame.f_back.f_back is not None \
           and frame.f_back.f_back.f_code == frame.f_code:
            raise TailRecurseException(args, kwargs)
        while True:
            try:
                return func(*args, **kwargs)
            except TailRecurseException as exception:
                args = exception.args
                kwargs = exception.kwargs
    return recurse